Workload scheduling and distribution on a distributed graphics device

ABSTRACT

Embodiments described herein provide a graphics, media, and compute device having a tiled architecture composed of a number of tiles of smaller graphics devices. The work distribution infrastructure for such device enables the distribution of workloads across multiple tiles of the device. Work items can be submitted to any one or more of the multiple tiles, with workloads able to span multiple tiles. Additionally, upon completion of a work item, graphics, media, and/or compute engines within the device can readily acquire new work items for execution with minimal latency.

CROSS REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS

The present patent application is a divisional application claiming priority from U.S. application Ser. No. 17/234,039, filed Apr. 19, 2021, which is a continuation application claiming priority from U.S. application Ser. No. 16/243,624, filed Jan. 9, 2019, issued as U.S. Pat. No. 10,997,686, the contents of which are incorporated herein in their entirety by reference.

BACKGROUND

Computing systems may include a graphics processor to perform graphics processing and parallel compute workloads such as linear interpolation, tessellation, rasterization, texture mapping, depth testing, etc. Traditionally, graphics processors used fixed function computational units to process graphics data. However, modem graphics processors include programmable portions, enabling such processors to support a wider variety of operations for processing vertex and fragment data, as well as general-purpose parallel compute workloads. Such processors generally include interfaces through which programmable workloads can be scheduled for execution on the processor.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

So that the manner in which the above recited features of the present embodimentS can be understood in detail, a more particular description of the embodiments, briefly summarized above, may be had by reference to embodiments. some of which are illustrated in the appended drawings, and in which:

FIG. 1 is a block diagram of a processing system, according to an embodiment;

FIG. 2 is a block diagram of a processor according to an embodiment;

FIG. 3 is a block diagram of a graphics processor, according to an embodiment;

FIG. 4 is a block diagram of a graphics processing engine of a graphics processor in accordance with some embodiments;

FIG. 5 is a block diagram of hardware logic of a graphics processor core, according to some embodiments described herein;

FIGS. 6A-6B illustrate thread execution logic including an array of processing elements employed in a graphics processor core according to embodiments described herein;

FIG. 7 is a block diagram illustrating graphics processor instruction formats according to some embodiments;

FIG. 8 is a block diagram of a graphics processor according to another embodiment;

FIG. 9A-9B illustrate a graphics processor command format and command sequence, according to some embodiments;

FIG. 10 illustrates exemplary graphics software architecture for a data processing system according to some embodiments;

FIG. 11A is a block diagram illustrating an IP core development system, according to an embodiment;

FIG. 11B illustrates a cross-section side view of an integrated circuit package assembly, according to some embodiments described herein;

FIG. 12 is a block diagram illustrating an exemplary system on a chip integrated circuit, according to an embodiment;

FIGS. 13A-13B are block diagrams illustrating exemplary graphics processors for use within an SoC, according to embodiments described herein;

FIGS. 14A-14B illustrate additional exemplary graphics processor logic according to embodiments described herein;

FIG. 15 is a block diagram of a data processing system, according to an embodiment;

FIG. 16A-16C illustrate a graphics processing system that implements multi-tile work scheduling, according to embodiments;

FIG. 17 illustrates a tile work portioning and scheduling system, according to embodiments described herein;

FIG. 18 illustrates a system to enable load balancing on a multi-tile graphics processing system, according to embodiments;

FIG. 19 shows a flow diagram of a method of multi-tile workload scheduling, according to an embodiment;

FIG. 20 shows a flow diagram of a method of executing a multi-tile workload, according to an embodiment;

FIG. 21 shows a flow diagram of a method of migrating workloads between tiles, according to an embodiment; and

FIG. 22 is a block diagram of a computing device including a graphics processor, according to an embodiment.

DESCRIPTION OF EMBODIMENTS

Embodiments described herein provide a graphics, media, and compute device having a tiled architecture composed of a number of tiles of smaller graphics devices. Such device can be scaled to include greater or fewer numbers of tiles depending on the power and/or performance target for the device. Scaled devices described herein can make use of a specially tailored work distribution infrastructure to enable the efficient distribution of workloads across multiple tiles. The work distribution infrastructure described herein enables scaled workload dispatch across a variable number of multiple tiles. Work items can be submitted to any one or more of the multiple tiles, with workloads able to span multiple tiles. Additionally, upon completion of a work item, graphics, media, and/or compute engines within the device can readily acquire new work items for execution with minimal latency.

In graphics, media, and/or compute devices known in the art, one or more layers of software are used to distribute work items to the various engines within the device. The software can monitor the load on the various engines and attempts to efficiently distribute or redistribute workloads to those engines. Such software can be part of a device driver or device support framework that executes on one or more host processors (e.g., CPU cores) of a data processing system or computing device that includes the graphics, media, and/or compute device. However, reliance upon host software to monitor and distribute workloads introduces various inefficiencies. For example, command buffer repacketization may be required, introducing extra CPU cycles that add latency and increase power consumption for device operations.

One embodiment provides for a work scheduling and submission infrastructure where software can create a unified command buffer for the workload that includes workload partitioning constructs. The software can then submit work items directly to a tile and local hardware schedulers within the tile can schedule the workload to the appropriate engine within the tile. Each engine can execute the same command buffer. When an engine is ready to execute a new work item, the engine can dynamically and atomically acquire the next chunk (e.g., partition) of work for execution. In one embodiment the unified command buffers include synchronization commands to rendezvous at the end of execution of a distributed partitioned workload.

During operation, an application or a user mode graphics driver (UMD) can submit workload commands in a format that is conducive to distributed execution. The workload commands are inserted into command buffer having a unified command buffer format. Commands within the command buffers are broken into partitions to enable distributed execution across multiple tiles. The engines on the graphics, media, and compute device includes a mechanism to atomically acquire a workload partition for execution and can execute the commands that are pertinent to that partition. No intervention is required by the high-level scheduler of the device to monitor the execution status of the engines. Instead of partitions being provided by the high-level scheduler to the engines, the engines can acquire work partitions as needed.

For the purposes of explanation, numerous specific details are set forth to provide a thorough understanding of the various embodiments described below. However, it will be apparent to a skilled practitioner in the art that the embodiments may be practiced without some of these specific details. In other instances, well-known structures and devices are shown in block diagram form to avoid obscuring the underlying principles, and to provide a more thorough understanding of embodiments. Although some of the following embodiments are described with reference to a graphics processor, the techniques and teachings described herein may be applied to various types of circuits or semiconductor devices, including general purpose processing devices or graphic processing devices. Reference herein to “one embodiment” or “an embodiment” indicate that a particular feature, structure, or characteristic described in connection or association with the embodiment can be included in at least one of such embodiments. However, the appearances of the phrase “in one embodiment” in various places in the specification do not necessarily all refer to the same embodiment.

In the following description and claims, the terms “coupled” and “connected,” along with their derivatives, may be used. It should be understood that these terms are not intended as synonyms for each other. “Coupled” is used to indicate that two or more elements, which may or may not be in direct physical or electrical contact with each other, co-operate or interact with each other. “Connected” is used to indicate the establishment of communication between two or more elements that are coupled with each other.

Some aspects of the following embodiments are described with reference to a graphics processor, while other aspects are described with respect to a general-purpose processor, such as a central processing unit (CPU). Similar techniques and teachings can be applied to other types of circuits or semiconductor devices, including but not limited to a many integrated core processor, a GPU cluster, or one or more instances of a field programmable gate array (FPGA). In general, the teachings are applicable to any processor or machine that manipulates or processes image (e.g., sample, pixel), vertex data, or geometry data.

System Overview

FIG. 1 is a block diagram of a processing system 100, according to an embodiment. In various embodiments the system 100 includes one or more processors 102 and one or more graphics processors 108, and may be a single processor desktop system, a multiprocessor workstation system, or a server system having a large number of processors 102 or processor cores 107. In one embodiment, the system 100 is a processing platform incorporated within a system-on-a-chip (SoC) integrated circuit for use in mobile, handheld, or embedded devices.

In one embodiment the system 100 can include or be incorporated within a server-based gaming platform, a game console, including a game and media console, a mobile gaming console, a handheld game console, or an online game console. In some embodiments the system 100 is a mobile phone, smart phone, tablet computing device or mobile Internet device. The processing system 100 can also include, couple with, or be integrated within a wearable device, such as a smart watch wearable device, smart eyewear device, augmented reality device, or virtual reality device. In some embodiments, the processing system 100 is a television or set top box device having one or more processors 102 and a graphical interface generated by one or more graphics processors 108.

In some embodiments, the one or more processors 102 each include one or more processor cores 107 to process instructions which, when executed, perform operations for system and user software. In some embodiments, each of the one or more processor cores 107 is configured to process a specific instruction set 109. In some embodiments, instruction set 109 may facilitate Complex Instruction Set Computing (CISC), Reduced Instruction Set Computing (RISC), or computing via a Very Long Instruction Word (VLIW). Multiple processor cores 107 may each process a different instruction set 109, which may include instructions to facilitate the emulation of other instruction sets. Processor core 107 may also include other processing devices, such a Digital Signal Processor (DSP).

In some embodiments, the processor 102 includes cache memory 104. Depending on the architecture, the processor 102 can have a single internal cache or multiple levels of internal cache. In some embodiments, the cache memory is shared among various components of the processor 102. In some embodiments, the processor 102 also uses an external cache (e.g., a Level-3 (L3) cache or Last Level Cache (LLC)) (not shown), which may be shared among processor cores 107 using known cache coherency techniques. A register file 106 is additionally included in processor 102 which may include different types of registers for storing different types of data (e.g., integer registers, floating-point registers, status registers, and an instruction pointer register). Some registers may be general-purpose registers, while other registers may be specific to the design of the processor 102.

In some embodiments, one or more processor(s) 102 are coupled with one or more interface bus(es) 110 to transmit communication signals such as address, data, or control signals between processor 102 and other components in the system 100. The interface bus 110, in one embodiment, can be a processor bus, such as a version of the Direct Media Interface (DMI) bus. However, processor busses are not limited to the DMI bus, and may include one or more Peripheral Component Interconnect buses (e.g., PCI, PCI Express), memory busses, or other types of interface busses. In one embodiment the processor(s) 102 include an integrated memory controller 116 and a platform controller hub 130. The memory controller 116 facilitates communication between a memory device and other components of the system 100, while the platform controller hub (PCH) 130 provides connections to I/O devices via a local I/O bus.

The memory device 120 can be a dynamic random-access memory (DRAM) device, a static random-access memory (SRAM) device, flash memory device, phase-change memory device, or some other memory device having suitable performance to serve as process memory. In one embodiment the memory device 120 can operate as system memory for the system 100, to store data 122 and instructions 121 for use when the one or more processors 102 executes an application or process. Memory controller 116 also couples with an optional external graphics processor 112, which may communicate with the one or more graphics processors 108 in processors 102 to perform graphics and media operations. In some embodiments a display device 111 can connect to the processor(s) 102. The display device 111 can be one or more of an internal display device, as in a mobile electronic device or a laptop device or an external display device attached via a display interface (e.g., DisplayPort, etc.). In one embodiment the display device 111 can be a head mounted display (HMD) such as a stereoscopic display device for use in virtual reality (VR) applications or augmented reality (AR) applications.

In some embodiments the platform controller hub 130 enables peripherals to connect to memory device 120 and processor 102 via a high-speed I/O bus. The I/O peripherals include, but are not limited to, an audio controller 146, a network controller 134, a firmware interface 128, a wireless transceiver 126, touch sensors 125, a data storage device 124 (e.g., hard disk drive, flash memory, etc.). The data storage device 124 can connect via a storage interface (e.g., SATA) or via a peripheral bus, such as a Peripheral Component Interconnect bus (e.g., PCI, PCI Express). The touch sensors 125 can include touch screen sensors, pressure sensors, or fingerprint sensors. The wireless transceiver 126 can be a Wi-Fi transceiver, a Bluetooth transceiver, or a mobile network transceiver such as a 3G, 4G, or Long-Term Evolution (LTE) transceiver. The firmware interface 128 enables communication with system firmware, and can be, for example, a unified extensible firmware interface (UEFI). The network controller 134 can enable a network connection to a wired network. In some embodiments, a high-performance network controller (not shown) couples with the interface bus 110. The audio controller 146, in one embodiment, is a multi-channel high definition audio controller. In one embodiment the system 100 includes an optional legacy I/O controller 140 for coupling legacy (e.g., Personal System 2 (PS/2)) devices to the system. The platform controller hub 130 can also connect to one or more Universal Serial Bus (USB) controllers 142 connect input devices, such as keyboard and mouse 143 combinations, a camera 144, or other USB input devices.

It will be appreciated that the system 100 shown is exemplary and not limiting, as other types of data processing systems that are differently configured may also be used. For example, an instance of the memory controller 116 and platform controller hub 130 may be integrated into a discreet external graphics processor, such as the external graphics processor 112. In one embodiment the platform controller hub 130 and/or memory controller 116 may be external to the one or more processor(s) 102. For example, the system 100 can include an external memory controller 116 and platform controller hub 130, which may be configured as a memory controller hub and peripheral controller hub within a system chipset that is in communication with the processor(s) 102.

FIG. 2 is a block diagram of an embodiment of a processor 200 having one or more processor cores 202A-202N, an integrated memory controller 214, and an integrated graphics processor 208. Those elements of FIG. 2 having the same reference numbers (or names) as the elements of any other figure herein can operate or function in any manner similar to that described elsewhere herein but are not limited to such. Processor 200 can include additional cores up to and including additional core 202N represented by the dashed lined boxes. Each of processor cores 202A-202N includes one or more internal cache units 204A-204N. In some embodiments each processor core also has access to one or more shared cached units 206.

The internal cache units 204A-204N and shared cache units 206 represent a cache memory hierarchy within the processor 200. The cache memory hierarchy may include at least one level of instruction and data cache within each processor core and one or more levels of shared mid-level cache, such as a Level 2 (L2), Level 3 (L3), Level 4 (L4), or other levels of cache, where the highest level of cache before external memory is classified as the LLC. In some embodiments, cache coherency logic maintains coherency between the various cache units 206 and 204A-204N.

In some embodiments, processor 200 may also include a set of one or more bus controller units 216 and a system agent core 210. The one or more bus controller units 216 manage a set of peripheral buses, such as one or more PCI or PCI express busses. System agent core 210 provides management functionality for the various processor components. In some embodiments, system agent core 210 includes one or more integrated memory controllers 214 to manage access to various external memory devices (not shown).

In some embodiments, one or more of the processor cores 202A-202N include support for simultaneous multi-threading. In such embodiment, the system agent core 210 includes components for coordinating and operating cores 202A-202N during multi-threaded processing. System agent core 210 may additionally include a power control unit (PCU), which includes logic and components to regulate the power state of processor cores 202A-202N and graphics processor 208.

In some embodiments, processor 200 additionally includes graphics processor 208 to execute graphics processing operations. In some embodiments, the graphics processor 208 couples with the set of shared cache units 206, and the system agent core 210, including the one or more integrated memory controllers 214. In some embodiments, the system agent core 210 also includes a display controller 211 to drive graphics processor output to one or more coupled displays. In some embodiments, display controller 211 may also be a separate module coupled with the graphics processor via at least one interconnect or may be integrated within the graphics processor 208.

In some embodiments, a ring-based interconnect 212 is used to couple the internal components of the processor 200. However, an alternative interconnect unit may be used, such as a point-to-point interconnect, a switched interconnect, or other techniques, including techniques well known in the art. In some embodiments, graphics processor 208 couples with the ring-based interconnect 212 via an I/O link 213.

The exemplary I/O link 213 represents at least one of multiple varieties of I/O interconnects, including an on package I/O interconnect which facilitates communication between various processor components and a high-performance embedded memory module 218, such as an eDRAM module. In some embodiments, each of the processor cores 202A-202N and graphics processor 208 use embedded memory modules 218 as a shared Last Level Cache.

In some embodiments, processor cores 202A-202N are homogenous cores executing the same instruction set architecture. In another embodiment, processor cores 202A-202N are heterogeneous in terms of instruction set architecture (ISA), where one or more of processor cores 202A-202N execute a first instruction set, while at least one of the other cores executes a subset of the first instruction set or a different instruction set. In one embodiment processor cores 202A-202N are heterogeneous in terms of microarchitecture, where one or more cores having a relatively higher power consumption couple with one or more power cores having a lower power consumption. Additionally, processor 200 can be implemented on one or more chips or as an SoC integrated circuit having the illustrated components, in addition to other components.

FIG. 3 is a block diagram of a graphics processor 300, which may be a discrete graphics processing unit, or may be a graphics processor integrated with a plurality of processing cores. In some embodiments, the graphics processor communicates via a memory mapped I/O interface to registers on the graphics processor and with commands placed into the processor memory. In some embodiments, graphics processor 300 includes a memory interface 314 to access memory. Memory interface 314 can be an interface to local memory, one or more internal caches, one or more shared external caches, and/or to system memory.

In some embodiments, graphics processor 300 also includes a display controller 302 to drive display output data to a display device 320. Display controller 302 includes hardware for one or more overlay planes for the display and composition of multiple layers of video or user interface elements. The display device 320 can be an internal or external display device. In one embodiment the display device 320 is a head mounted display device, such as a virtual reality (VR) display device or an augmented reality (AR) display device. In some embodiments, graphics processor 300 includes a video codec engine 306 to encode, decode, or transcode media to, from, or between one or more media encoding formats, including, but not limited to Moving Picture Experts Group (MPEG) formats such as MPEG-2, Advanced Video Coding (AVC) formats such as H.264/MPEG-4 AVC, as well as the Society of Motion Picture & Television Engineers (SMPTE) 421M/VC-1, and Joint Photographic Experts Group (JPEG) formats such as JPEG, and Motion JPEG (MJPEG) formats.

In some embodiments, graphics processor 300 includes a block image transfer (BLIT) engine 304 to perform two-dimensional (2D) rasterizer operations including, for example, bit-boundary block transfers. However, in one embodiment, 2D graphics operations are performed using one or more components of graphics processing engine (GPE) 310. In some embodiments, GPE 310 is a compute engine for performing graphics operations, including three-dimensional (3D) graphics operations and media operations.

In some embodiments, GPE 310 includes a 3D pipeline 312 for performing 3D operations, such as rendering three-dimensional images and scenes using processing functions that act upon 3D primitive shapes (e.g., rectangle, triangle, etc.). The 3D pipeline 312 includes programmable and fixed function elements that perform various tasks within the element and/or spawn execution threads to a 3D/Media sub-system 315. While 3D pipeline 312 can be used to perform media operations, an embodiment of GPE 310 also includes a media pipeline 316 that is specifically used to perform media operations, such as video post-processing and image enhancement.

In some embodiments, media pipeline 316 includes fixed function or programmable logic units to perform one or more specialized media operations, such as video decode acceleration, video de-interlacing, and video encode acceleration in place of, or on behalf of video codec engine 306. In some embodiments, media pipeline 316 additionally includes a thread spawning unit to spawn threads for execution on 3D/Media sub-system 315. The spawned threads perform computations for the media operations on one or more graphics execution units included in 3D/Media sub-system 315.

In some embodiments, 3D/Media sub-system 315 includes logic for executing threads spawned by 3D pipeline 312 and media pipeline 316. In one embodiment, the pipelines send thread execution requests to 3D/Media sub-system 315, which includes thread dispatch logic for arbitrating and dispatching the various requests to available thread execution resources. The execution resources include an array of graphics execution units to process the 3D and media threads. In some embodiments, 3D/Media sub-system 315 includes one or more internal caches for thread instructions and data. In some embodiments, the subsystem also includes shared memory, including registers and addressable memory, to share data between threads and to store output data.

Graphics Processing Engine

FIG. 4 is a block diagram of a graphics processing engine 410 of a graphics processor in accordance with some embodiments. In one embodiment, the graphics processing engine (GPE) 410 is a version of the GPE 310 shown in FIG. 3 . Elements of FIG. 4 having the same reference numbers (or names) as the elements of any other figure herein can operate or function in any manner similar to that described elsewhere herein, but are not limited to such. For example, the 3D pipeline 312 and media pipeline 316 of FIG. 3 are illustrated. The media pipeline 316 is optional in some embodiments of the GPE 410 and may not be explicitly included within the GPE 410. For example, and in at least one embodiment, a separate media and/or image processor is coupled to the GPE 410.

In some embodiments, GPE 410 couples with or includes a command streamer 403, which provides a command stream to the 3D pipeline 312 and/or media pipelines 316. In some embodiments, command streamer 403 is coupled with memory, which can be system memory, or one or more of internal cache memory and shared cache memory. In some embodiments, command streamer 403 receives commands from the memory and sends the commands to 3D pipeline 312 and/or media pipeline 316. The commands are directives fetched from a ring buffer, which stores commands for the 3D pipeline 312 and media pipeline 316. In one embodiment, the ring buffer can additionally include batch command buffers storing batches of multiple commands. The commands for the 3D pipeline 312 can also include references to data stored in memory, such as but not limited to vertex and geometry data for the 3D pipeline 312 and/or image data and memory objects for the media pipeline 316. The 3D pipeline 312 and media pipeline 316 process the commands and data by performing operations via logic within the respective pipelines or by dispatching one or more execution threads to a graphics core array 414. In one embodiment the graphics core array 414 include one or more blocks of graphics cores (e.g., graphics core(s) 415A, graphics core(s) 415B), each block including one or more graphics cores. Each graphics core includes a set of graphics execution resources that includes general purpose and graphics specific execution logic to perform graphics and compute operations, as well as fixed function texture processing and/or machine learning and artificial intelligence acceleration logic.

In various embodiments the 3D pipeline 312 includes fixed function and programmable logic to process one or more shader programs, such as vertex shaders, geometry shaders, pixel shaders, fragment shaders, compute shaders, or other shader programs, by processing the instructions and dispatching execution threads to the graphics core array 414. The graphics core array 414 provides a unified block of execution resources for use in processing these shader programs. Multi-purpose execution logic (e.g., execution units) within the graphics core(s) 415A-414B of the graphics core array 414 includes support for various 3D API shader languages and can execute multiple simultaneous execution threads associated with multiple shaders.

In some embodiments the graphics core array 414 also includes execution logic to perform media functions, such as video and/or image processing. In one embodiment, the execution units additionally include general-purpose logic that is programmable to perform parallel general-purpose computational operations, in addition to graphics processing operations. The general-purpose logic can perform processing operations in parallel or in conjunction with general purpose logic within the processor core(s) 107 of FIG. 1 or core 202A-202N as in FIG. 2 .

Output data generated by threads executing on the graphics core array 414 can output data to memory in a unified return buffer (URB) 418. The URB 418 can store data for multiple threads. In some embodiments the URB 418 may be used to send data between different threads executing on the graphics core array 414. In some embodiments the URB 418 may additionally be used for synchronization between threads on the graphics core array and fixed function logic within the shared function logic 420.

In some embodiments, graphics core array 414 is scalable, such that the array includes a variable number of graphics cores, each having a variable number of execution units based on the target power and performance level of GPE 410. In one embodiment the execution resources are dynamically scalable, such that execution resources may be enabled or disabled as needed.

The graphics core array 414 couples with shared function logic 420 that includes multiple resources that are shared between the graphics cores in the graphics core array. The shared functions within the shared function logic 420 are hardware logic units that provide specialized supplemental functionality to the graphics core array 414. In various embodiments, shared function logic 420 includes but is not limited to sampler 421, math 422, and inter-thread communication (ITC) 423 logic. Additionally, some embodiments implement one or more cache(s) 425 within the shared function logic 420.

A shared function is implemented where the demand for a given specialized function is insufficient for inclusion within the graphics core array 414. Instead a single instantiation of that specialized function is implemented as a stand-alone entity in the shared function logic 420 and shared among the execution resources within the graphics core array 414. The precise set of functions that are shared between the graphics core array 414 and included within the graphics core array 414 varies across embodiments. In some embodiments, specific shared functions within the shared function logic 420 that are used extensively by the graphics core array 414 may be included within shared function logic 416 within the graphics core array 414. In various embodiments, the shared function logic 416 within the graphics core array 414 can include some or all logic within the shared function logic 420. In one embodiment, all logic elements within the shared function logic 420 may be duplicated within the shared function logic 416 of the graphics core array 414. In one embodiment the shared function logic 420 is excluded in favor of the shared function logic 416 within the graphics core array 414.

FIG. 5 is a block diagram of hardware logic of a graphics processor core 500, according to some embodiments described herein. Elements of FIG. 5 having the same reference numbers (or names) as the elements of any other figure herein can operate or function in any manner similar to that described elsewhere herein, but are not limited to such. The illustrated graphics processor core 500, in some embodiments, is included within the graphics core array 414 of FIG. 4 . The graphics processor core 500, sometimes referred to as a core slice, can be one or multiple graphics cores within a modular graphics processor. The graphics processor core 500 is exemplary of one graphics core slice, and a graphics processor as described herein may include multiple graphics core slices based on target power and performance envelopes. Each graphics core 500 can include a fixed function block 530 coupled with multiple sub-cores 501A-501F, also referred to as sub-slices, that include modular blocks of general purpose and fixed function logic.

In some embodiments the fixed function block 530 includes a geometry/fixed function pipeline 536 that can be shared by all sub-cores in the graphics processor 500, for example, in lower performance and/or lower power graphics processor implementations. In various embodiments, the geometry/fixed function pipeline 536 includes a 3D fixed function pipeline (e.g., 3D pipeline 312 as in FIG. 3 and FIG. 4 ) a video front-end unit, a thread spawner and thread dispatcher, and a unified return buffer manager, which manages unified return buffers, such as the unified return buffer 418 of FIG. 4 .

In one embodiment the fixed function block 530 also includes a graphics SoC interface 537, a graphics microcontroller 538, and a media pipeline 539. The graphics SoC interface 537 provides an interface between the graphics core 500 and other processor cores within a system on a chip integrated circuit. The graphics microcontroller 538 is a programmable sub-processor that is configurable to manage various functions of the graphics processor 500, including thread dispatch, scheduling, and pre-emption. The media pipeline 539 (e.g., media pipeline 316 of FIG. 3 and FIG. 4 ) includes logic to facilitate the decoding, encoding, pre-processing, and/or post-processing of multimedia data, including image and video data. The media pipeline 539 implement media operations via requests to compute or sampling logic within the sub-cores 501-501F.

In one embodiment the SoC interface 537 enables the graphics core 500 to communicate with general purpose application processor cores (e.g., CPUs) and/or other components within an SoC, including memory hierarchy elements such as a shared last level cache memory, the system RAM, and/or embedded on-chip or on-package DRAM. The SoC interface 537 can also enable communication with fixed function devices within the SoC, such as camera imaging pipelines, and enables the use of and/or implements global memory atomics that may be shared between the graphics core 500 and CPUs within the SoC. The SoC interface 537 can also implement power management controls for the graphics core 500 and enable an interface between a clock domain of the graphic core 500 and other clock domains within the SoC. In one embodiment the SoC interface 537 enables receipt of command buffers from a command streamer and global thread dispatcher that are configured to provide commands and instructions to each of one or more graphics cores within a graphics processor. The commands and instructions can be dispatched to the media pipeline 539, when media operations are to be performed, or a geometry and fixed function pipeline (e.g., geometry and fixed function pipeline 536, geometry and fixed function pipeline 514) when graphics processing operations are to be performed.

The graphics microcontroller 538 can be configured to perform various scheduling and management tasks for the graphics core 500. In one embodiment the graphics microcontroller 538 can perform graphics and/or compute workload scheduling on the various graphics parallel engines within execution unit (EU) arrays 502A-502F, 504A-504F within the sub-cores 501A-501F. In this scheduling model, host software executing on a CPU core of an SoC including the graphics core 500 can submit workloads one of multiple graphic processor doorbells, which invokes a scheduling operation on the appropriate graphics engine. Scheduling operations include determining which workload to run next, submitting a workload to a command streamer, pre-empting existing workloads running on an engine, monitoring progress of a workload, and notifying host software when a workload is complete. In one embodiment the graphics microcontroller 538 can also facilitate low-power or idle states for the graphics core 500, providing the graphics core 500 with the ability to save and restore registers within the graphics core 500 across low-power state transitions independently from the operating system and/or graphics driver software on the system.

The graphics core 500 may have greater than or fewer than the illustrated sub-cores 501A-501F, up to N modular sub-cores. For each set of N sub-cores, the graphics core 500 can also include shared function logic 510, shared and/or cache memory 512, a geometry/fixed function pipeline 514, as well as additional fixed function logic 516 to accelerate various graphics and compute processing operations. The shared function logic 510 can include logic units associated with the shared function logic 420 of FIG. 4 (e.g., sampler, math, and/or inter-thread communication logic) that can be shared by each N sub-cores within the graphics core 500. The shared and/or cache memory 512 can be a last-level cache for the set of N sub-cores 501A-501F within the graphics core 500, and can also serve as shared memory that is accessible by multiple sub-cores. The geometry/fixed function pipeline 514 can be included instead of the geometry/fixed function pipeline 536 within the fixed function block 530 and can include the same or similar logic units.

In one embodiment the graphics core 500 includes additional fixed function logic 516 that can include various fixed function acceleration logic for use by the graphics core 500. In one embodiment the additional fixed function logic 516 includes an additional geometry pipeline for use in position only shading. In position-only shading, two geometry pipelines exist, the full geometry pipeline within the geometry/fixed function pipeline 516, 536, and a cull pipeline, which is an additional geometry pipeline which may be included within the additional fixed function logic 516. In one embodiment the cull pipeline is a trimmed down version of the full geometry pipeline. The full pipeline and the cull pipeline can execute different instances of the same application, each instance having a separate context. Position only shading can hide long cull runs of discarded triangles, enabling shading to be completed earlier in some instances. For example, and in one embodiment the cull pipeline logic within the additional fixed function logic 516 can execute position shaders in parallel with the main application and generally generates critical results faster than the full pipeline, as the cull pipeline fetches and shades only the position attribute of the vertices, without performing rasterization and rendering of the pixels to the frame buffer. The cull pipeline can use the generated critical results to compute visibility information for all the triangles without regard to whether those triangles are culled. The full pipeline (which in this instance may be referred to as a replay pipeline) can consume the visibility information to skip the culled triangles to shade only the visible triangles that are finally passed to the rasterization phase.

In one embodiment the additional fixed function logic 516 can also include machine-learning acceleration logic, such as fixed function matrix multiplication logic, for implementations including optimizations for machine learning training or inferencing.

Within each graphics sub-core 501A-501F includes a set of execution resources that may be used to perform graphics, media, and compute operations in response to requests by graphics pipeline, media pipeline, or shader programs. The graphics sub-cores 501A-501F include multiple EU arrays 502A-502F, 504A-504F, thread dispatch and inter-thread communication (TD/IC) logic 503A-503F, a 3D (e.g., texture) sampler 505A-505F, a media sampler 506A-506F, a shader processor 507A-507F, and shared local memory (SLM) 508A-508F. The EU arrays 502A-502F, 504A-504F each include multiple execution units, which are general-purpose graphics processing units capable of performing floating-point and integer/fixed-point logic operations in service of a graphics, media, or compute operation, including graphics, media, or compute shader programs. The TD/IC logic 503A-503F performs local thread dispatch and thread control operations for the execution units within a sub-core and facilitate communication between threads executing on the execution units of the sub-core. The 3D sampler 505A-505F can read texture or other 3D graphics related data into memory. The 3D sampler can read texture data differently based on a configured sample state and the texture format associated with a given texture. The media sampler 506A-506F can perform similar read operations based on the type and format associated with media data. In one embodiment, each graphics sub-core 501A-501F can alternately include a unified 3D and media sampler. Threads executing on the execution units within each of the sub-cores 501A-501F can make use of shared local memory 508A-508F within each sub-core, to enable threads executing within a thread group to execute using a common pool of on-chip memory.

Execution Units

FIGS. 6A-6B illustrate thread execution logic 600 including an array of processing elements employed in a graphics processor core according to embodiments described herein. Elements of FIGS. 6A-6B having the same reference numbers (or names) as the elements of any other figure herein can operate or function in any manner similar to that described elsewhere herein, but are not limited to such. FIG. 6A illustrates an overview of thread execution logic 600, which can include a variant of the hardware logic illustrated with each sub-core 501A-501F of FIG. 5 . FIG. 6B illustrates exemplary internal details of an execution unit.

As illustrated in FIG. 6A, in some embodiments thread execution logic 600 includes a shader processor 602, a thread dispatcher 604, instruction cache 606, a scalable execution unit array including a plurality of execution units 608A-608N, a sampler 610, a data cache 612, and a data port 614. In one embodiment the scalable execution unit array can dynamically scale by enabling or disabling one or more execution units (e.g., any of execution unit 608A, 608B, 608C, 608D, through 608N-1 and 608N) based on the computational requirements of a workload. In one embodiment the included components are interconnected via an interconnect fabric that links to each of the components. In some embodiments, thread execution logic 600 includes one or more connections to memory, such as system memory or cache memory, through one or more of instruction cache 606, data port 614, sampler 610, and execution units 608A-608N. In some embodiments, each execution unit (e.g. 608A) is a stand-alone programmable general-purpose computational unit that is capable of executing multiple simultaneous hardware threads while processing multiple data elements in parallel for each thread. In various embodiments, the array of execution units 608A-608N is scalable to include any number individual execution units.

In some embodiments, the execution units 608A-608N are primarily used to execute shader programs. A shader processor 602 can process the various shader programs and dispatch execution threads associated with the shader programs via a thread dispatcher 604. In one embodiment the thread dispatcher includes logic to arbitrate thread initiation requests from the graphics and media pipelines and instantiate the requested threads on one or more execution unit in the execution units 608A-608N. For example, a geometry pipeline can dispatch vertex, tessellation, or geometry shaders to the thread execution logic for processing. In some embodiments, thread dispatcher 604 can also process runtime thread spawning requests from the executing shader programs.

In some embodiments, the execution units 608A-608N support an instruction set that includes native support for graphics shader instructions from many 3D graphics standards, such that shader programs from graphics libraries (e.g., Direct 3D and OpenGL) are executed with a minimal translation. The execution units support vertex and geometry processing (e.g., vertex programs, geometry programs, vertex shaders), pixel processing (e.g., pixel shaders, fragment shaders) and general-purpose processing (e.g., compute and media shaders). Each of the execution units 608A-608N is capable of multi-issue single instruction multiple data (SIMD) execution and multi-threaded operation enables an efficient execution environment in the face of higher latency memory accesses. Each hardware thread within each execution unit has a dedicated high-bandwidth register file and associated independent thread-state. Execution is multi-issue per clock to pipelines capable of integer, single and double precision floating-point operations, SIMD branch capability, logical operations, transcendental operations, and other miscellaneous operations. While waiting for data from memory or one of the shared functions, dependency logic within the execution units 608A-608N causes a waiting thread to sleep until the requested data has been returned. While the waiting thread is sleeping, hardware resources may be devoted to processing other threads. For example, during a delay associated with a vertex shader operation, an execution unit can perform operations for a pixel shader, fragment shader, or another type of shader program, including a different vertex shader.

Each execution unit in execution units 608A-608N operates on arrays of data elements. The number of data elements is the “execution size,” or the number of channels for the instruction. An execution channel is a logical unit of execution for data element access, masking, and flow control within instructions. The number of channels may be independent of the number of physical Arithmetic Logic Units (ALUs) or Floating-point Units (FPUs) for a particular graphics processor. In some embodiments, execution units 608A-608N support integer and floating-point data types.

The execution unit instruction set includes SIMD instructions. The various data elements can be stored as a packed data type in a register and the execution unit will process the various elements based on the data size of the elements. For example, when operating on a 256-bit wide vector, the 256 bits of the vector are stored in a register and the execution unit operates on the vector as four separate 64-bit packed data elements (Quad-Word (QW) size data elements), eight separate 32-bit packed data elements (Double Word (DW) size data elements), sixteen separate 16-bit packed data elements (Word (W) size data elements), or thirty-two separate 8-bit data elements (byte (B) size data elements). However, different vector widths and register sizes are possible.

In one embodiment one or more execution units can be combined into a fused execution unit 609A-609N having thread control logic (607A-607N) that is common to the fused EUs. Multiple EUs can be fused into an EU group. Each EU in the fused EU group can be configured to execute a separate SIMD hardware thread. The number of EUs in a fused EU group can vary according to embodiments. Additionally, various SIMD widths can be performed per-EU, including but not limited to SIMD8, SIMD16, and SIMD32. Each fused graphics execution unit 609A-609N includes at least two execution units. For example, fused execution unit 609A includes a first EU 608A, second EU 608B, and thread control logic 607A that is common to the first EU 608A and the second EU 608B. The thread control logic 607A controls threads executed on the fused graphics execution unit 609A, allowing each EU within the fused execution units 609A-609N to execute using a common instruction pointer register.

One or more internal instruction caches (e.g., 606) are included in the thread execution logic 600 to cache thread instructions for the execution units. In some embodiments, one or more data caches (e.g., 612) are included to cache thread data during thread execution. In some embodiments, a sampler 610 is included to provide texture sampling for 3D operations and media sampling for media operations. In some embodiments, sampler 610 includes specialized texture or media sampling functionality to process texture or media data during the sampling process before providing the sampled data to an execution unit.

During execution, the graphics and media pipelines send thread initiation requests to thread execution logic 600 via thread spawning and dispatch logic. Once a group of geometric objects has been processed and rasterized into pixel data, pixel processor logic (e.g., pixel shader logic, fragment shader logic, etc.) within the shader processor 602 is invoked to further compute output information and cause results to be written to output surfaces (e.g., color buffers, depth buffers, stencil buffers, etc.). In some embodiments, a pixel shader or fragment shader calculates the values of the various vertex attributes that are to be interpolated across the rasterized object. In some embodiments, pixel processor logic within the shader processor 602 then executes an application programming interface (API)-supplied pixel or fragment shader program. To execute the shader program, the shader processor 602 dispatches threads to an execution unit (e.g., 608A) via thread dispatcher 604. In some embodiments, shader processor 602 uses texture sampling logic in the sampler 610 to access texture data in texture maps stored in memory. Arithmetic operations on the texture data and the input geometry data compute pixel color data for each geometric fragment, or discards one or more pixels from further processing.

In some embodiments, the data port 614 provides a memory access mechanism for the thread execution logic 600 to output processed data to memory for further processing on a graphics processor output pipeline. In some embodiments, the data port 614 includes or couples to one or more cache memories (e.g., data cache 612) to cache data for memory access via the data port.

As illustrated in FIG. 6B, a graphics execution unit 608 can include an instruction fetch unit 637, a general register file array (GRF) 624, an architectural register file array (ARF) 626, a thread arbiter 622, a send unit 630, a branch unit 632, a set of SIMD floating-point units (FPUs) 634, and in one embodiment a set of dedicated integer SIMD ALUs 635. The GRF 624 and ARF 626 includes the set of general register files and architecture register files associated with each simultaneous hardware thread that may be active in the graphics execution unit 608. In one embodiment, per thread architectural state is maintained in the ARF 626, while data used during thread execution is stored in the GRF 624. The execution state of each thread, including the instruction pointers for each thread, can be held in thread-specific registers in the ARF 626.

In one embodiment the graphics execution unit 608 has an architecture that is a combination of Simultaneous Multi-Threading (SMT) and fine-grained Interleaved Multi-Threading (IMT). The architecture has a modular configuration that can be fine-tuned at design time based on a target number of simultaneous threads and number of registers per execution unit, where execution unit resources are divided across logic used to execute multiple simultaneous threads.

In one embodiment, the graphics execution unit 608 can co-issue multiple instructions, which may each be different instructions. The thread arbiter 622 of the graphics execution unit 608 can dispatch the instructions to one of the send unit 630, branch unit 632, or SIMD FPU(s) 634 for execution. Each execution thread can access 128 general-purpose registers within the GRF 624, where each register can store 32 bytes, accessible as a SIMD 8-element vector of 32-bit data elements. In one embodiment, each execution unit thread has access to 4 Kbytes within the GRF 624, although embodiments are not so limited, and greater or fewer register resources may be provided in other embodiments. In one embodiment up to seven threads can execute simultaneously, although the number of threads per execution unit can also vary according to embodiments. In an embodiment in which seven threads may access 4 Kbytes, the GRF 624 can store a total of 28 Kbytes. Flexible addressing modes can permit registers to be addressed together to build effectively wider registers or to represent strided rectangular block data structures.

In one embodiment, memory operations, sampler operations, and other longer-latency system communications are dispatched via “send” instructions that are executed by the message passing send unit 630. In one embodiment, branch instructions are dispatched to a dedicated branch unit 632 to facilitate SIMD divergence and eventual convergence.

In one embodiment the graphics execution unit 608 includes one or more SIMD floating-point units (FPU(s)) 634 to perform floating-point operations. In one embodiment, the FPU(s) 634 also support integer computation. In one embodiment the FPU(s) 634 can SIMD execute up to M number of 32-bit floating-point (or integer) operations, or SIMD execute up to 2M 16-bit integer or 16-bit floating-point operations. In one embodiment, at least one of the FPU(s) provides extended math capability to support high-throughput transcendental math functions and double precision 64-bit floating-point. In some embodiments, a set of 8-bit integer SIMD ALUs 635 are also present, and may be specifically optimized to perform operations associated with machine learning computations.

In one embodiment, arrays of multiple instances of the graphics execution unit 608 can be instantiated in a graphics sub-core grouping (e.g., a sub-slice). For scalability, product architects can choose the exact number of execution units per sub-core grouping. In one embodiment the execution unit 608 can execute instructions across a plurality of execution channels. In a further embodiment, each thread executed on the graphics execution unit 608 is executed on a different channel.

FIG. 7 is a block diagram illustrating graphics processor instruction formats 700 according to some embodiments. In one or more embodiment, the graphics processor execution units support an instruction set having instructions in multiple formats. The solid lined boxes illustrate the components that are generally included in an execution unit instruction, while the dashed lines include components that are optional or that are only included in a sub-set of the instructions. In some embodiments, instruction format 700 described and illustrated are macro-instructions, in that they are instructions supplied to the execution unit, as opposed to micro-operations resulting from instruction decode once the instruction is processed.

In some embodiments, the graphics processor execution units natively support instructions in a 128-bit instruction format 710. A 64-bit compacted instruction format 730 is available for some instructions based on the selected instruction, instruction options, and number of operands. The native 128-bit instruction format 710 provides access to all instruction options, while some options and operations are restricted in the 64-bit format 730. The native instructions available in the 64-bit format 730 vary by embodiment. In some embodiments, the instruction is compacted in part using a set of index values in an index field 713. The execution unit hardware references a set of compaction tables based on the index values and uses the compaction table outputs to reconstruct a native instruction in the 128-bit instruction format 710.

For each format, instruction opcode 712 defines the operation that the execution unit is to perform. The execution units execute each instruction in parallel across the multiple data elements of each operand. For example, in response to an add instruction the execution unit performs a simultaneous add operation across each color channel representing a texture element or picture element. By default, the execution unit performs each instruction across all data channels of the operands. In some embodiments, instruction control field 714 enables control over certain execution options, such as channels selection (e.g., predication) and data channel order (e.g., swizzle). For instructions in the 128-bit instruction format 710 an exec-size field 716 limits the number of data channels that will be executed in parallel. In some embodiments, exec-size field 716 is not available for use in the 64-bit compact instruction format 730.

Some execution unit instructions have up to three operands including two source operands, src0 720, src1 722, and one destination 718. In some embodiments, the execution units support dual destination instructions, where one of the destinations is implied. Data manipulation instructions can have a third source operand (e.g., SRC2 724), where the instruction opcode 712 determines the number of source operands. An instruction's last source operand can be an immediate (e.g., hard-coded) value passed with the instruction.

In some embodiments, the 128-bit instruction format 710 includes an access/address mode field 726 specifying, for example, whether direct register addressing mode or indirect register addressing mode is used. When direct register addressing mode is used, the register address of one or more operands is directly provided by bits in the instruction.

In some embodiments, the 128-bit instruction format 710 includes an access/address mode field 726, which specifies an address mode and/or an access mode for the instruction. In one embodiment the access mode is used to define a data access alignment for the instruction. Some embodiments support access modes including a 16-byte aligned access mode and a 1-byte aligned access mode, where the byte alignment of the access mode determines the access alignment of the instruction operands. For example, when in a first mode, the instruction may use byte-aligned addressing for source and destination operands and when in a second mode, the instruction may use 16-byte-aligned addressing for all source and destination operands.

In one embodiment, the address mode portion of the access/address mode field 726 determines whether the instruction is to use direct or indirect addressing. When direct register addressing mode is used bits in the instruction directly provide the register address of one or more operands. When indirect register addressing mode is used, the register address of one or more operands may be computed based on an address register value and an address immediate field in the instruction.

In some embodiments, instructions are grouped based on opcode 712 bit-fields to simplify Opcode decode 740. For an 8-bit opcode, bits 4, 5, and 6 allow the execution unit to determine the type of opcode. The precise opcode grouping shown is merely an example. In some embodiments, a move and logic opcode group 742 includes data movement and logic instructions (e.g., move (mov), compare (cmp)). In some embodiments, move and logic group 742 shares the five most significant bits (MSB), where move (mov) instructions are in the form of 0000xxxxb and logic instructions are in the form of 0001xxxxb. A flow control instruction group 744 (e.g., call, jump (jmp)) includes instructions in the form of 0010xxxxb (e.g., 0x20). A miscellaneous instruction group 746 includes a mix of instructions, including synchronization instructions (e.g., wait, send) in the form of 0011xxxxb (e.g., 0x30). A parallel math instruction group 748 includes component-wise arithmetic instructions (e.g., add, multiply (mul)) in the form of 0100xxxxb (e.g., 0x40). The parallel math group 748 performs the arithmetic operations in parallel across data channels. The vector math group 750 includes arithmetic instructions (e.g., dp4) in the form of 0101xxxxb (e.g., 0x50). The vector math group performs arithmetic such as dot product calculations on vector operands.

Graphics Pipeline

FIG. 8 is a block diagram of another embodiment of a graphics processor 800. Elements of FIG. 8 having the same reference numbers (or names) as the elements of any other figure herein can operate or function in any manner similar to that described elsewhere herein, but are not limited to such.

In some embodiments, graphics processor 800 includes a geometry pipeline 820, a media pipeline 830, a display engine 840, thread execution logic 850, and a render output pipeline 870. In some embodiments, graphics processor 800 is a graphics processor within a multi-core processing system that includes one or more general purpose processing cores. The graphics processor is controlled by register writes to one or more control registers (not shown) or via commands issued to graphics processor 800 via a ring interconnect 802. In some embodiments, ring interconnect 802 couples graphics processor 800 to other processing components, such as other graphics processors or general-purpose processors. Commands from ring interconnect 802 are interpreted by a command streamer 803, which supplies instructions to individual components of the geometry pipeline 820 or the media pipeline 830.

In some embodiments, command streamer 803 directs the operation of a vertex fetcher 805 that reads vertex data from memory and executes vertex-processing commands provided by command streamer 803. In some embodiments, vertex fetcher 805 provides vertex data to a vertex shader 807, which performs coordinate space transformation and lighting operations to each vertex. In some embodiments, vertex fetcher 805 and vertex shader 807 execute vertex-processing instructions by dispatching execution threads to execution units 852A-852B via a thread dispatcher 831.

In some embodiments, execution units 852A-852B are an array of vector processors having an instruction set for performing graphics and media operations. In some embodiments, execution units 852A-852B have an attached L1 cache 851 that is specific for each array or shared between the arrays. The cache can be configured as a data cache, an instruction cache, or a single cache that is partitioned to contain data and instructions in different partitions.

In some embodiments, geometry pipeline 820 includes tessellation components to perform hardware-accelerated tessellation of 3D objects. In some embodiments, a programmable hull shader 811 configures the tessellation operations. A programmable domain shader 817 provides back-end evaluation of tessellation output. A tessellator 813 operates at the direction of hull shader 811 and contains special purpose logic to generate a set of detailed geometric objects based on a coarse geometric model that is provided as input to geometry pipeline 820. In some embodiments, if tessellation is not used, tessellation components (e.g., hull shader 811, tessellator 813, and domain shader 817) can be bypassed.

In some embodiments, complete geometric objects can be processed by a geometry shader 819 via one or more threads dispatched to execution units 852A-852B, or can proceed directly to the clipper 829. In some embodiments, the geometry shader operates on entire geometric objects, rather than vertices or patches of vertices as in previous stages of the graphics pipeline. If the tessellation is disabled, the geometry shader 819 receives input from the vertex shader 807. In some embodiments, geometry shader 819 is programmable by a geometry shader program to perform geometry tessellation if the tessellation units are disabled.

Before rasterization, a clipper 829 can process vertex data. The clipper 829 may be a fixed function clipper or a programmable clipper having clipping and geometry shader functions. In some embodiments, a rasterizer and depth test component 873 in the render output pipeline 870 dispatches pixel shaders to convert the geometric objects into per pixel representations. In some embodiments, pixel shader logic is included in thread execution logic 850. In some embodiments, an application can bypass the rasterizer and depth test component 873 and access un-rasterized vertex data via a stream out unit 823.

The graphics processor 800 has an interconnect bus, interconnect fabric, or some other interconnect mechanism that allows data and message passing amongst the major components of the processor. In some embodiments, execution units 852A-852B and associated logic units (e.g., L1 cache 851, sampler 854, texture cache 858, etc.) interconnect via a data port 856 to perform memory access and communicate with render output pipeline components of the processor. In some embodiments, sampler 854, caches 851, 858 and execution units 852A-852B each have separate memory access paths. In one embodiment the texture cache 858 can also be configured as a sampler cache.

In some embodiments, render output pipeline 870 contains a rasterizer and depth test component 873 that converts vertex-based objects into an associated pixel-based representation. In some embodiments, the rasterizer logic includes a windower/masker unit to perform fixed function triangle and line rasterization. An associated render cache 878 and depth cache 879 are also available in some embodiments. A pixel operations component 877 performs pixel-based operations on the data, though in some instances, pixel operations associated with 2D operations (e.g. bit block image transfers with blending) are performed by the 2D engine 841, or substituted at display time by the display controller 843 using overlay display planes. In some embodiments, a shared L3 cache 875 is available to all graphics components, allowing the sharing of data without the use of main system memory.

In some embodiments, graphics processor media pipeline 830 includes a media engine 837 and a video front-end 834. In some embodiments, video front-end 834 receives pipeline commands from the command streamer 803. In some embodiments, media pipeline 830 includes a separate command streamer. In some embodiments, video front-end 834 processes media commands before sending the command to the media engine 837. In some embodiments, media engine 837 includes thread spawning functionality to spawn threads for dispatch to thread execution logic 850 via thread dispatcher 831.

In some embodiments, graphics processor 800 includes a display engine 840. In some embodiments, display engine 840 is external to processor 800 and couples with the graphics processor via the ring interconnect 802, or some other interconnect bus or fabric. In some embodiments, display engine 840 includes a 2D engine 841 and a display controller 843. In some embodiments, display engine 840 contains special purpose logic capable of operating independently of the 3D pipeline. In some embodiments, display controller 843 couples with a display device (not shown), which may be a system integrated display device, as in a laptop computer, or an external display device attached via a display device connector.

In some embodiments, the geometry pipeline 820 and media pipeline 830 are configurable to perform operations based on multiple graphics and media programming interfaces and are not specific to any one application programming interface (API). In some embodiments, driver software for the graphics processor translates API calls that are specific to a particular graphics or media library into commands that can be processed by the graphics processor. In some embodiments, support is provided for the Open Graphics Library (OpenGL), Open Computing Language (OpenCL), and/or Vulkan graphics and compute API, all from the Khronos Group. In some embodiments, support may also be provided for the Direct3D library from the Microsoft Corporation. In some embodiments, a combination of these libraries may be supported. Support may also be provided for the Open Source Computer Vision Library (OpenCV). A future API with a compatible 3D pipeline would also be supported if a mapping can be made from the pipeline of the future API to the pipeline of the graphics processor.

Graphics Pipeline Programming

FIG. 9A is a block diagram illustrating a graphics processor command format 900 according to some embodiments. FIG. 9B is a block diagram illustrating a graphics processor command sequence 910 according to an embodiment. The solid lined boxes in FIG. 9A illustrate the components that are generally included in a graphics command while the dashed lines include components that are optional or that are only included in a sub-set of the graphics commands. The exemplary graphics processor command format 900 of FIG. 9A includes data fields to identify a client 902, a command operation code (opcode) 904, and data 906 for the command A sub-opcode 905 and a command size 908 are also included in some commands.

In some embodiments, client 902 specifies the client unit of the graphics device that processes the command data. In some embodiments, a graphics processor command parser examines the client field of each command to condition the further processing of the command and route the command data to the appropriate client unit. In some embodiments, the graphics processor client units include a memory interface unit, a render unit, a 2D unit, a 3D unit, and a media unit. Each client unit has a corresponding processing pipeline that processes the commands Once the command is received by the client unit, the client unit reads the opcode 904 and, if present, sub-opcode 905 to determine the operation to perform. The client unit performs the command using information in data field 906. For some commands an explicit command size 908 is expected to specify the size of the command In some embodiments, the command parser automatically determines the size of at least some of the commands based on the command opcode. In some embodiments commands are aligned via multiples of a double word.

The flow diagram in FIG. 9B illustrates an exemplary graphics processor command sequence 910. In some embodiments, software or firmware of a data processing system that features an embodiment of a graphics processor uses a version of the command sequence shown to set up, execute, and terminate a set of graphics operations. A sample command sequence is shown and described for purposes of example only as embodiments are not limited to these specific commands or to this command sequence. Moreover, the commands may be issued as batch of commands in a command sequence, such that the graphics processor will process the sequence of commands in at least partially concurrence.

In some embodiments, the graphics processor command sequence 910 may begin with a pipeline flush command 912 to cause any active graphics pipeline to complete the currently pending commands for the pipeline. In some embodiments, the 3D pipeline 922 and the media pipeline 924 do not operate concurrently. The pipeline flush is performed to cause the active graphics pipeline to complete any pending commands In response to a pipeline flush, the command parser for the graphics processor will pause command processing until the active drawing engines complete pending operations and the relevant read caches are invalidated. Optionally, any data in the render cache that is marked ‘dirty’ can be flushed to memory. In some embodiments, pipeline flush command 912 can be used for pipeline synchronization or before placing the graphics processor into a low power state.

In some embodiments, a pipeline select command 913 is used when a command sequence requires the graphics processor to explicitly switch between pipelines. In some embodiments, a pipeline select command 913 is required only once within an execution context before issuing pipeline commands unless the context is to issue commands for both pipelines. In some embodiments, a pipeline flush command 912 is required immediately before a pipeline switch via the pipeline select command 913.

In some embodiments, a pipeline control command 914 configures a graphics pipeline for operation and is used to program the 3D pipeline 922 and the media pipeline 924. In some embodiments, pipeline control command 914 configures the pipeline state for the active pipeline. In one embodiment, the pipeline control command 914 is used for pipeline synchronization and to clear data from one or more cache memories within the active pipeline before processing a batch of commands.

In some embodiments, return buffer state commands 916 are used to configure a set of return buffers for the respective pipelines to write data. Some pipeline operations require the allocation, selection, or configuration of one or more return buffers into which the operations write intermediate data during processing. In some embodiments, the graphics processor also uses one or more return buffers to store output data and to perform cross thread communication. In some embodiments, the return buffer state 916 includes selecting the size and number of return buffers to use for a set of pipeline operations.

The remaining commands in the command sequence differ based on the active pipeline for operations. Based on a pipeline determination 920, the command sequence is tailored to the 3D pipeline 922 beginning with the 3D pipeline state 930 or the media pipeline 924 beginning at the media pipeline state 940.

The commands to configure the 3D pipeline state 930 include 3D state setting commands for vertex buffer state, vertex element state, constant color state, depth buffer state, and other state variables that are to be configured before 3D primitive commands are processed. The values of these commands are determined at least in part based on the particular 3D API in use. In some embodiments, 3D pipeline state 930 commands are also able to selectively disable or bypass certain pipeline elements if those elements will not be used.

In some embodiments, 3D primitive 932 command is used to submit 3D primitives to be processed by the 3D pipeline. Commands and associated parameters that are passed to the graphics processor via the 3D primitive 932 command are forwarded to the vertex fetch function in the graphics pipeline. The vertex fetch function uses the 3D primitive 932 command data to generate vertex data structures. The vertex data structures are stored in one or more return buffers. In some embodiments, 3D primitive 932 command is used to perform vertex operations on 3D primitives via vertex shaders. To process vertex shaders, 3D pipeline 922 dispatches shader execution threads to graphics processor execution units.

In some embodiments, 3D pipeline 922 is triggered via an execute 934 command or event. In some embodiments, a register write triggers command execution. In some embodiments execution is triggered via a ‘go’ or ‘kick’ command in the command sequence. In one embodiment, command execution is triggered using a pipeline synchronization command to flush the command sequence through the graphics pipeline. The 3D pipeline will perform geometry processing for the 3D primitives. Once operations are complete, the resulting geometric objects are rasterized and the pixel engine colors the resulting pixels. Additional commands to control pixel shading and pixel back end operations may also be included for those operations.

In some embodiments, the graphics processor command sequence 910 follows the media pipeline 924 path when performing media operations. In general, the specific use and manner of programming for the media pipeline 924 depends on the media or compute operations to be performed. Specific media decode operations may be offloaded to the media pipeline during media decode. In some embodiments, the media pipeline can also be bypassed, and media decode can be performed in whole or in part using resources provided by one or more general purpose processing cores. In one embodiment, the media pipeline also includes elements for general-purpose graphics processor unit (GPGPU) operations, where the graphics processor is used to perform SIMD vector operations using computational shader programs that are not explicitly related to the rendering of graphics primitives.

In some embodiments, media pipeline 924 is configured in a similar manner as the 3D pipeline 922. A set of commands to configure the media pipeline state 940 are dispatched or placed into a command queue before the media object commands 942. In some embodiments, commands for the media pipeline state 940 include data to configure the media pipeline elements that will be used to process the media objects. This includes data to configure the video decode and video encode logic within the media pipeline, such as encode or decode format. In some embodiments, commands for the media pipeline state 940 also support the use of one or more pointers to “indirect” state elements that contain a batch of state settings.

In some embodiments, media object commands 942 supply pointers to media objects for processing by the media pipeline. The media objects include memory buffers containing video data to be processed. In some embodiments, all media pipeline states must be valid before issuing a media object command 942. Once the pipeline state is configured and media object commands 942 are queued, the media pipeline 924 is triggered via an execute command 944 or an equivalent execute event (e.g., register write). Output from media pipeline 924 may then be post processed by operations provided by the 3D pipeline 922 or the media pipeline 924. In some embodiments, GPGPU operations are configured and executed in a similar manner as media operations.

Graphics Software Architecture

FIG. 10 illustrates exemplary graphics software architecture for a data processing system 1000 according to some embodiments. In some embodiments, software architecture includes a 3D graphics application 1010, an operating system 1020, and at least one processor 1030. In some embodiments, processor 1030 includes a graphics processor 1032 and one or more general-purpose processor core(s) 1034. The graphics application 1010 and operating system 1020 each execute in the system memory 1050 of the data processing system.

In some embodiments, 3D graphics application 1010 contains one or more shader programs including shader instructions 1012. The shader language instructions may be in a high-level shader language, such as the High-Level Shader Language (HLSL) or the OpenGL Shader Language (GLSL). The application also includes executable instructions 1014 in a machine language suitable for execution by the general-purpose processor core 1034. The application also includes graphics objects 1016 defined by vertex data.

In some embodiments, operating system 1020 is a Microsoft® Windows® operating system from the Microsoft Corporation, a proprietary UNIX-like operating system, or an open source UNIX-like operating system using a variant of the Linux kernel. The operating system 1020 can support a graphics API 1022 such as the Direct3D API, the OpenGL API, or the Vulkan API. When the Direct3D API is in use, the operating system 1020 uses a front-end shader compiler 1024 to compile any shader instructions 1012 in HLSL into a lower-level shader language. The compilation may be a just-in-time (JIT) compilation or the application can perform shader pre-compilation. In some embodiments, high-level shaders are compiled into low-level shaders during the compilation of the 3D graphics application 1010. In some embodiments, the shader instructions 1012 are provided in an intermediate form, such as a version of the Standard Portable Intermediate Representation (SPIR) used by the Vulkan API.

In some embodiments, user mode graphics driver 1026 contains a back-end shader compiler 1027 to convert the shader instructions 1012 into a hardware specific representation. When the OpenGL API is in use, shader instructions 1012 in the GLSL high-level language are passed to a user mode graphics driver 1026 for compilation. In some embodiments, user mode graphics driver 1026 uses operating system kernel mode functions 1028 to communicate with a kernel mode graphics driver 1029. In some embodiments, kernel mode graphics driver 1029 communicates with graphics processor 1032 to dispatch commands and instructions.

IP Core Implementations

One or more aspects of at least one embodiment may be implemented by representative code stored on a machine-readable medium which represents and/or defines logic within an integrated circuit such as a processor. For example, the machine-readable medium may include instructions which represent various logic within the processor. When read by a machine, the instructions may cause the machine to fabricate the logic to perform the techniques described herein. Such representations, known as “IP cores,” are reusable units of logic for an integrated circuit that may be stored on a tangible, machine-readable medium as a hardware model that describes the structure of the integrated circuit. The hardware model may be supplied to various customers or manufacturing facilities, which load the hardware model on fabrication machines that manufacture the integrated circuit. The integrated circuit may be fabricated such that the circuit performs operations described in association with any of the embodiments described herein.

FIG. 11A is a block diagram illustrating an IP core development system 1100 that may be used to manufacture an integrated circuit to perform operations according to an embodiment. The IP core development system 1100 may be used to generate modular, re-usable designs that can be incorporated into a larger design or used to construct an entire integrated circuit (e.g., an SOC integrated circuit). A design facility 1130 can generate a software simulation 1110 of an IP core design in a high-level programming language (e.g., C/C++). The software simulation 1110 can be used to design, test, and verify the behavior of the IP core using a simulation model 1112. The simulation model 1112 may include functional, behavioral, and/or timing simulations. A register transfer level (RTL) design 1115 can then be created or synthesized from the simulation model 1112. The RTL design 1115 is an abstraction of the behavior of the integrated circuit that models the flow of digital signals between hardware registers, including the associated logic performed using the modeled digital signals. In addition to an RTL design 1115, lower-level designs at the logic level or transistor level may also be created, designed, or synthesized. Thus, the particular details of the initial design and simulation may vary.

The RTL design 1115 or equivalent may be further synthesized by the design facility into a hardware model 1120, which may be in a hardware description language (HDL), or some other representation of physical design data. The HDL may be further simulated or tested to verify the IP core design. The IP core design can be stored for delivery to a 3^(rd) party fabrication facility 1165 using non-volatile memory 1140 (e.g., hard disk, flash memory, or any non-volatile storage medium). Alternatively, the IP core design may be transmitted (e.g., via the Internet) over a wired connection 1150 or wireless connection 1160. The fabrication facility 1165 may then fabricate an integrated circuit that is based at least in part on the IP core design. The fabricated integrated circuit can be configured to perform operations in accordance with at least one embodiment described herein.

FIG. 11B illustrates a cross-section side view of an integrated circuit package assembly 1170, according to some embodiments described herein. The integrated circuit package assembly 1170 illustrates an implementation of one or more processor or accelerator devices as described herein. The package assembly 1170 includes multiple units of hardware logic 1172, 1174 connected to a substrate 1180. The logic 1172, 1174 may be implemented at least partly in configurable logic or fixed-functionality logic hardware and can include one or more portions of any of the processor core(s), graphics processor(s), or other accelerator devices described herein. Each unit of logic 1172, 1174 can be implemented within a semiconductor die and coupled with the substrate 1180 via an interconnect structure 1173. The interconnect structure 1173 may be configured to route electrical signals between the logic 1172, 1174 and the substrate 1180, and can include interconnects such as, but not limited to bumps or pillars. In some embodiments, the interconnect structure 1173 may be configured to route electrical signals such as, for example, input/output (I/O) signals and/or power or ground signals associated with the operation of the logic 1172, 1174. In some embodiments, the substrate 1180 is an epoxy-based laminate substrate. The package substrate 1180 may include other suitable types of substrates in other embodiments. The package assembly 1170 can be connected to other electrical devices via a package interconnect 1183. The package interconnect 1183 may be coupled to a surface of the substrate 1180 to route electrical signals to other electrical devices, such as a motherboard, other chipset, or multi-chip module.

In some embodiments, the units of logic 1172, 1174 are electrically coupled with a bridge 1182 that is configured to route electrical signals between the logic 1172, 1174. The bridge 1182 may be a dense interconnect structure that provides a route for electrical signals. The bridge 1182 may include a bridge substrate composed of glass or a suitable semiconductor material. Electrical routing features can be formed on the bridge substrate to provide a chip-to-chip connection between the logic 1172, 1174.

Although two units of logic 1172, 1174 and a bridge 1182 are illustrated, embodiments described herein may include more or fewer logic units on one or more dies. The one or more dies may be connected by zero or more bridges, as the bridge 1182 may be excluded when the logic is included on a single die. Alternatively, multiple dies or units of logic can be connected by one or more bridges. Additionally, multiple logic units, dies, and bridges can be connected together in other possible configurations, including three-dimensional configurations.

Exemplary System on a Chip Integrated Circuit

FIGS. 12-14 illustrated exemplary integrated circuits and associated graphics processors that may be fabricated using one or more IP cores, according to various embodiments described herein. In addition to what is illustrated, other logic and circuits may be included, including additional graphics processors/cores, peripheral interface controllers, or general-purpose processor cores.

FIG. 12 is a block diagram illustrating an exemplary system on a chip integrated circuit 1200 that may be fabricated using one or more IP cores, according to an embodiment. Exemplary integrated circuit 1200 includes one or more application processor(s) 1205 (e.g., CPUs), at least one graphics processor 1210, and may additionally include an image processor 1215 and/or a video processor 1220, any of which may be a modular IP core from the same or multiple different design facilities. Integrated circuit 1200 includes peripheral or bus logic including a USB controller 1225, UART controller 1230, an SPI/SDIO controller 1235, and an I²S/I²C controller 1240. Additionally, the integrated circuit can include a display device 1245 coupled to one or more of a high-definition multimedia interface (HDMI) controller 1250 and a mobile industry processor interface (MIPI) display interface 1255. Storage may be provided by a flash memory subsystem 1260 including flash memory and a flash memory controller. Memory interface may be provided via a memory controller 1265 for access to SDRAM or SRAM memory devices. Some integrated circuits additionally include an embedded security engine 1270.

FIGS. 13A-13B are block diagrams illustrating exemplary graphics processors for use within an SoC, according to embodiments described herein. FIG. 13A illustrates an exemplary graphics processor 1310 of a system on a chip integrated circuit that may be fabricated using one or more IP cores, according to an embodiment. FIG. 13B illustrates an additional exemplary graphics processor 1340 of a system on a chip integrated circuit that may be fabricated using one or more IP cores, according to an embodiment. Graphics processor 1310 of FIG. 13A is an example of a low power graphics processor core. Graphics processor 1340 of FIG. 13B is an example of a higher performance graphics processor core. Each of the graphics processors 1310, 1340 can be variants of the graphics processor 1210 of FIG. 12 .

As shown in FIG. 13A, graphics processor 1310 includes a vertex processor 1305 and one or more fragment processor(s) 1315A-1315N (e.g., 1315A, 1315B, 1315C, 1315D, through 1315N-1, and 1315N). Graphics processor 1310 can execute different shader programs via separate logic, such that the vertex processor 1305 is optimized to execute operations for vertex shader programs, while the one or more fragment processor(s) 1315A-1315N execute fragment (e.g., pixel) shading operations for fragment or pixel shader programs. The vertex processor 1305 performs the vertex processing stage of the 3D graphics pipeline and generates primitives and vertex data. The fragment processor(s) 1315A-1315N use the primitive and vertex data generated by the vertex processor 1305 to produce a framebuffer that is displayed on a display device. In one embodiment, the fragment processor(s) 1315A-1315N are optimized to execute fragment shader programs as provided for in the OpenGL API, which may be used to perform similar operations as a pixel shader program as provided for in the Direct 3D API.

Graphics processor 1310 additionally includes one or more memory management units (MMUs) 1320A-1320B, cache(s) 1325A-1325B, and circuit interconnect(s) 1330A-1330B. The one or more MMU(s) 1320A-1320B provide for virtual to physical address mapping for the graphics processor 1310, including for the vertex processor 1305 and/or fragment processor(s) 1315A-1315N, which may reference vertex or image/texture data stored in memory, in addition to vertex or image/texture data stored in the one or more cache(s) 1325A-1325B. In one embodiment, the one or more MMU(s) 1320A-1320B may be synchronized with other MMUs within the system, including one or more MMUs associated with the one or more application processor(s) 1205, image processor 1215, and/or video processor 1220 of FIG. 12 , such that each processor 1205-1220 can participate in a shared or unified virtual memory system. The one or more circuit interconnect(s) 1330A-1330B enable graphics processor 1310 to interface with other IP cores within the SoC, either via an internal bus of the SoC or via a direct connection, according to embodiments.

As shown FIG. 13B, graphics processor 1340 includes the one or more MMU(s) 1320A-1320B, caches 1325A-1325B, and circuit interconnects 1330A-1330B of the graphics processor 1310 of FIG. 13A. Graphics processor 1340 includes one or more shader core(s) 1355A-1355N (e.g., 1455A, 1355B, 1355C, 1355D, 1355E, 1355F, through 1355N-1, and 1355N), which provides for a unified shader core architecture in which a single core or type or core can execute all types of programmable shader code, including shader program code to implement vertex shaders, fragment shaders, and/or compute shaders. The exact number of shader cores present can vary among embodiments and implementations. Additionally, graphics processor 1340 includes an inter-core task manager 1345, which acts as a thread dispatcher to dispatch execution threads to one or more shader cores 1355A-1355N and a tiling unit 1358 to accelerate tiling operations for tile-based rendering, in which rendering operations for a scene are subdivided in image space, for example to exploit local spatial coherence within a scene or to optimize use of internal caches.

FIGS. 14A-14B illustrate additional exemplary graphics processor logic according to embodiments described herein. FIG. 14A illustrates a graphics core 1400 that may be included within the graphics processor 1210 of FIG. 12 and may be a unified shader core 1355A-1355N as in FIG. 13B. FIG. 14B illustrates a highly-parallel general-purpose graphics processing unit 1430 suitable for deployment on a multi-chip module.

As shown in FIG. 14A, the graphics core 1400 includes a shared instruction cache 1402, a texture unit 1418, and a cache/shared memory 1420 that are common to the execution resources within the graphics core 1400. The graphics core 1400 can include multiple slices 1401A-1401N or partition for each core, and a graphics processor can include multiple instances of the graphics core 1400. The slices 1401A-1401N can include support logic including a local instruction cache 1404A-1404N, a thread scheduler 1406A-1406N, a thread dispatcher 1408A-1408N, and a set of registers 1410A. To perform logic operations, the slices 1401A-1401N can include a set of additional function units (AFUs 1412A-1412N), floating-point units (FPU 1414A-1414N), integer arithmetic logic units (ALUs 1416-1416N), address computational units (ACU 1413A-1413N), double-precision floating-point units (DPFPU 1415A-1415N), and matrix processing units (MPU 1417A-1417N).

Some of the computational units operate at a specific precision. For example, the FPUs 1414A-1414N can perform single-precision (32-bit) and half-precision (16-bit) floating-point operations, while the DPFPUs 1415A-1415N perform double precision (64-bit) floating-point operations. The ALUs 1416A-1416N can perform variable precision integer operations at 8-bit, 16-bit, and 32-bit precision, and can be configured for mixed precision operations. The MPUs 1417A-1417N can also be configured for mixed precision matrix operations, including half-precision floating-point and 8-bit integer operations. The MPUs 1417-1417N can perform a variety of matrix operations to accelerate machine learning application frameworks, including enabling support for accelerated general matrix to matrix multiplication (GEMM). The AFUs 1412A-1412N can perform additional logic operations not supported by the floating-point or integer units, including trigonometric operations (e.g., Sine, Cosine, etc.).

As shown in FIG. 14B, a general-purpose processing unit (GPGPU) 1430 can be configured to enable highly-parallel compute operations to be performed by an array of graphics processing units. Additionally, the GPGPU 1430 can be linked directly to other instances of the GPGPU to create a multi-GPU cluster to improve training speed for particularly deep neural networks. The GPGPU 1430 includes a host interface 1432 to enable a connection with a host processor. In one embodiment the host interface 1432 is a PCI Express interface. However, the host interface can also be a vendor specific communications interface or communications fabric. The GPGPU 1430 receives commands from the host processor and uses a global scheduler 1434 to distribute execution threads associated with those commands to a set of compute clusters 1436A-1436H. The compute clusters 1436A-1436H share a cache memory 1438. The cache memory 1438 can serve as a higher-level cache for cache memories within the compute clusters 1436A-1436H.

The GPGPU 1430 includes memory 1434A-1434B coupled with the compute clusters 1436A-1436H via a set of memory controllers 1442A-1442B. In various embodiments, the memory 1434A-1434B can include various types of memory devices including dynamic random-access memory (DRAM) or graphics random access memory, such as synchronous graphics random access memory (SGRAM), including graphics double data rate (GDDR) memory.

In one embodiment, the compute clusters 1436A-1436H each include a set of graphics cores, such as the graphics core 1400 of FIG. 14A, which can include multiple types of integer and floating-point logic units that can perform computational operations at a range of precisions including suited for machine learning computations. For example, and in one embodiment at least a subset of the floating-point units in each of the compute clusters 1436A-1436H can be configured to perform 16-bit or 32-bit floating-point operations, while a different subset of the floating-point units can be configured to perform 64-bit floating-point operations.

Multiple instances of the GPGPU 1430 can be configured to operate as a compute cluster. The communication mechanism used by the compute cluster for synchronization and data exchange varies across embodiments. In one embodiment, the multiple instances of the GPGPU 1430 communicate over the host interface 1432. In one embodiment, the GPGPU 1430 includes an I/O hub 1439 that couples the GPGPU 1430 with a GPU link 1440 that enables a direct connection to other instances of the GPGPU. In one embodiment, the GPU link 1440 is coupled to a dedicated GPU-to-GPU bridge that enables communication and synchronization between multiple instances of the GPGPU 1430. In one embodiment, the GPU link 1440 couples with a high-speed interconnect to transmit and receive data to other GPGPUs or parallel processors. In one embodiment the multiple instances of the GPGPU 1430 are located in separate data processing systems and communicate via a network device that is accessible via the host interface 1432. In one embodiment the GPU link 1440 can be configured to enable a connection to a host processor in addition to or as an alternative to the host interface 1432.

While the illustrated configuration of the GPGPU 1430 can be configured to train neural networks, one embodiment provides alternate configuration of the GPGPU 1430 that can be configured for deployment within a high performance or low power inferencing platform. In an inferencing configuration the GPGPU 1430 includes fewer of the compute clusters 1436A-1436H relative to the training configuration. Additionally, the memory technology associated with the memory 1434A-1434B may differ between inferencing and training configurations, with higher bandwidth memory technologies devoted to training configurations. In one embodiment the inferencing configuration of the GPGPU 1430 can support inferencing specific instructions. For example, an inferencing configuration can provide support for one or more 8-bit integer dot product instructions, which are commonly used during inferencing operations for deployed neural networks.

Workload Scheduling and Distribution on a Distributed Graphics Device

Embodiments described herein provide a graphics, media, and compute device having a tiled architecture composed of a number of tiles of smaller graphics devices. Such device can be scaled to include greater or fewer numbers of tiles depending on the power and/or performance target for the device. Such scaled devices can make use of a specially tailored work distribution infrastructure to enable the efficient distribution of workloads across multiple tiles. The work distribution infrastructure described herein enables scaled workload dispatch across a variable number of multiple tiles. Work items can be submitted to any one or more of the multiple tiles, with workloads able to span multiple tiles. Additionally, upon completion of a work item, graphics, media, and/or compute engines within the device can readily acquire new work items for execution with minimal latency.

FIG. 15 is a block diagram of a data processing system 1500, according to an embodiment. The data processing system 1500 is a heterogeneous processing system having a processor 1502, unified memory 1510, and a GPGPU 1520 including machine learning acceleration logic. The processor 1502 and the GPGPU 1520 can be any of the processors and GPGPU/parallel processors as described herein. The processor 1502 can execute instructions for a compiler 1515 stored in system memory 1512. The compiler 1515 executes on the processor 1502 to compile source code 1514A into compiled code 1514B. The compiled code 1514B can include instructions that may be executed by the processor 1502 and/or instructions that may be executed by the GPGPU 1520. During compilation, the compiler 1515 can perform operations to insert metadata, including hints as to the level of data parallelism present in the compiled code 1514B and/or hints regarding the data locality associated with threads to be dispatched based on the compiled code 1514B. The compiler 1515 can include the information necessary to perform such operations or the operations can be performed with the assistance of a runtime library 1516. The runtime library 1516 can also assist the compiler 1515 in the compilation of the source code 1514A and can also include instructions that are linked at runtime with the compiled code 1514B to facilitate execution of the compiled instructions on the GPGPU 1520.

The unified memory 1510 represents a unified address space that may be accessed by the processor 1502 and the GPGPU 1520. The unified memory can include system memory 1512 as well as GPGPU memory 1518. The GPGPU memory 1518 is memory within an address pace of the GPGPU 1520 and can include some or all of system memory 1512. In one embodiment the GPGPU memory 1518 can also include at least a portion of any memory dedicated for use exclusively by the GPGPU 1520. In one embodiment, compiled code 1514B stored in system memory 1512 can be mapped into GPGPU memory 1518 for access by the GPGPU 1520.

The GPGPU 1520 includes multiple engine block tiles 1524A-1524N, which can include one or more of a variety of compute units or execution elements described herein. In one embodiment the GPGPU 1520 additionally includes a matrix accelerator 1523, which can include one or more special function compute units that are designed to accelerate a subset of matrix operations (e.g., dot product, etc.). The GPGPU 1520 can also include a set of resources that can be shared by the engine block tiles 1524A-1524N, including but not limited to a set of global registers 1525, a power and performance module 1526, and a shared cache 1527. In one embodiment the global registers 1525 include directly and indirectly accessible registers. The power and performance module 1526 can be configured to adjust power delivery and clock frequencies for the engine block tiles 1524A-1524N to modulate the power consumption of components within the engine block tiles 1524A-1524N. For example, in one embodiment, power delivered to components within the engine block tiles 1524A-1524N may be dynamically switched (e.g., gated) based on a power or performance target for the data processing system 1500. In various embodiments the shared cache 1527 can include an instruction cache and/or a lower level data cache.

In one embodiment, each engine block tile 1524A-1524N includes a set of graphics processing engines that can operated independently or in concert to execute multiple workloads or a single distributed workload. Each tile includes a variety of engines that perform different activities. The variety of engines can process commands provided within a batch buffer, which is a memory buffer containing a batch of commands, and execute those commands using execution units within the engine block tile 1524A-1524N. Software that executes on a host processor can submit work items to the global scheduler 1522, which can distribute the various work items to one or more engine block tiles 1524A-1524N. Alternatively, the software can submit work items directly to a tile and scheduling hardware within the tile can schedule the workload to the appropriate engine within the tile.

FIG. 16A-16C illustrate a graphics processing system 1600 that implements multi-tile work scheduling, according to embodiments. FIG. 16A shows an overview of the graphics processing system 1600, according to an embodiment. FIG. 16B shows an example of a system graphics interface 1602. FIG. 16C shows an example of an engine block tile 1605.

As shown in FIG. 16A, the graphics processing system 1600 includes an application and/or graphics driver (app/driver 1601) that can send workloads 1604A-1604D to one or more engine block tiles 1605A-1605D, which can be similar to or variants of the engine block tiles 1524A-1524N of FIG. 15 . The workloads 1604A-1604D can be part of the same workload and/or separate workloads. The workloads 1604A-1604D can be executed in concert with one another or independently depending on the relationship (or lack thereof) between the workloads. The application of the app/driver 1601 can be any application that is able or configured to submit workloads to a graphics processing system. The driver can be a user mode driver through which an application can submit workloads via an associated kernel mode driver.

In some embodiments and/or implementations, a global scheduler (e.g., global scheduler 1522 in FIG. 15 ) to dispatch workloads to the engine block tiles. In other embodiments, workloads can be submitted directly to an engine block tile 1605A-1605D via a doorbell 1603A-1603D within a system graphics interface 1602A-1602D associated with each respective engine block tile 1605A.

The system graphics interface 1602A-1602D associated with each engine block tile 1605A-1604D provides an interface between a host system and the graphics system within which the engine block tiles reside. The system graphics interfaces 1602A-1602D contain the graphics device logic that presents the graphics processing system as a device to the host system and contain PCIe configuration space data that enables communication with the graphics device over a PCIe bus. In other embodiments, different bus interfaces can be used for different types of host or device interface buses, such as processor interface buses (e.g., processor ring or mesh bus, CoreLink, or AMBA buses, etc.) or other types of mesh or fabric interfaces, such as NVLink. In one embodiment interrupt generation is processed via the system graphics interfaces 1602A-1602D. For interrupt generation, one of the system graphics interfaces 1602A-1602D can act as a master interface for the graphics system. In one embodiment, the system graphics interfaces 1602A-1602D can perform translation from the host address space to the local address space for the graphics processing system.

In one embodiment the system graphics interfaces 1602A-1602D each include a doorbell 1604A-1604D through which workloads 1604A-1604D can be submitted. In one embodiment, each doorbell 1604A-1604D is a doorbell block that supports 256 doorbells, although the doorbell block can be include any number of doorbells. Doorbells can be assigned to an application and affinity to a tile for an application can be managed by the graphics driver. An application can be assigned one or more doorbells, and the doorbell assignments can be cross-tile assignments. To submit a workload, application or driver software can ring the appropriate doorbell based on type of work the application is submitting. When software rings the doorbell associated with a tile, scheduling can be managed locally within the tile. For example, the system graphics interface associated with the tile can use a local scheduler within the tile to schedule the requested workload to a local engine.

FIG. 16B shows a system graphics interface 1602, according to an embodiment. The system graphics interface 1602 includes an interrupt unit 612, a device interface 1614, doorbell 1603, system/device address translator 1616, and a batch buffer submitter 1618. The interrupt unit 1612 can be configured as a remote or master interrupt unit and can transmit a message signaled interrupt (MSI) that is generated in accordance with a value stored within interrupt registers within the interrupt unit 1612. The device interface 1614 can include hardware to enable the graphics system, as a whole, or as individual tiles, to be presented as a device on an interface bus, such as but not limited to a PCIe bus. The doorbell 1603 is one of multiple doorbell interfaces through which a workload 1604 can be submitted, where the workload 1604 can be any one of workloads 1604A-1604D of FIG. 16A. The doorbell 1603 can be a doorbell structure or register that can be used to notify an associated engine block tile that a work request is available for processing. In one embodiment the work request is provided in the form of a buffer of batched commands (e.g., a batch buffer). The batch buffer can be processed via the batch buffer submitter 1618. In one embodiment the batch buffer submitter 1618 can use the system/device address translator 1616 to translate from system addresses to device local addresses for the engine block tile. The commands of the batch buffer can then be submitted to the associated engine block tile.

FIG. 16C shows an engine block tile 1605 that can receive a workload from an application or driver via a system graphics interface. The engine block tile 1605 includes multiple engines that can process commands received from a host system. The engines can perform a variety of operations and execute underlying instructions for those commands via one or more blocks of execution units 1629A-1629N. The engine block tile 1605 also includes a scheduler 1621, which is a local scheduler for the engine block tile 1605 that schedules commands for processing by the various tiles and/or schedules instructions for execution on the execution units 1629A-1629N. In one embodiment, engines of the engine block tile include a render command streamer (RCS 1623), position only command streamer (POCS 1624), compute command streamer (CCS 1625), copy engine 1622, and one or more media engine slices 1626 that include one or more video command streamers (VCSn 1627) to perform video decode operations and a video encode command streamer (VECSn 1628) to perform video encode operations. An incoming batch buffer can include commands to be processed by any one or more of the illustrated engines, as well as other engines not shown.

Embodiments described herein enable an application or graphics driver to explicitly submit a workload that spans multiple tiles. Additionally, load balancing between tiles can be performed after a workload has been submitted. In one embodiment, to enable cross-tile workloads, the same batch buffer containing the superset of work items to be performed is submitted to each tile that is to be included within tile work-group. All commands are submitted to all tiles that are to execute the commands, even if a given tile is not intended to be execute all submitted workloads. Instead, each tile executes a subset of the submitted workloads. In one embodiment a given tile can execute a specific subset of the workload based on an identifier provided to a hardware context associated with the tile.

FIG. 17 illustrates a tile work portioning and scheduling system 1700, according to embodiments described herein. The tile work partitioning and scheduling system 1700 enables a workload to be distributed across multiple GPUs 1730A-1730D, where each of the multiple GPUs can be an instance of an engine block tile 1605A-1605D as in FIG. 16A. The GPUs 1730A-1730D can be enumerated as one or more devices based on the configuration of the respective system graphics interfaces of the GPUs 1730A-1730D.

To enable execution of GPU spanning workloads, a separate hardware context 1720A-1720D can be created and associated with each respective GPU 1730A-1730D. In one embodiment the hardware contexts and a batch buffer 1708 can be created by a user mode driver that executes on a processor of the host system. That batch buffer 1708 contains commands that define an execution state with which commands are to be executed, and a GPGPU walker command that causes the GPUs to dispatch execution threads to perform a workload. Each hardware context 1720A-1720D defines further execution state for the respective GPU 1730A-1730D of the hardware context. In one embodiment, the execution state defined within the hardware contexts can specify a tile-group offset (TG_OFFSET) and tile-group step (TG_STEP) for each GPU. The tile-group offset specifies the beginning position in the batch buffer 1708 for the commands to be executed by the respective GPU. The tile-group step can specify the number of partitions for a workload. A batch buffer start command is inserted into the command ring buffers 1710A-1710D associated with the respective GPU 1730A-1730D. The GPUs 1730A-1730D will execute the commands associated with the GPU and enter a wait state 1702A-1702D upon completion of those commands In one embodiment the wait states 1702A-1702D are entered based on an explicit semaphore wait, or another synchronization/wait command, that is inserted at the end of the commands for the GPU. In other embodiments, an automatic synchronization system is used to synchronize the GPUs 1720A-1720D.

FIG. 18 illustrates a system 1800 to enable load balancing on a multi-tile graphics processing system, according to embodiments. The same batch buffer 1810 can include commands 1812A-1812C to be provided to multiple virtual engines within a set of physical engine block tiles 1822A-1822C. The physical engines within the engine block tiles 1822A-1822C can be virtualized such that a command references a virtual engine that can physically reside within any of the physical tiles. In one embodiment, the app/driver 1601 can divide a workload among N sets of virtual engines by creating N local render context addresses (LRCAs). Each LRCA 1802A-1802C includes a workload partition identifier (WPARID 1801) that identifies the workload partition to which the LRCA is associated. Each LRCA can be submitted to different engines within the physical engine block tiles 1822A-1822C to enable parallel execution of the workload. During execution of the workload, an engine uses the WPARID provided in its LRCA to identify the portion of the workload to be executed.

For example, LRCA 1802A associated with physical tile 1822A can be assigned a WPARID of X. LRCA 1802A can reference the portion of the batch buffer 1810 that contains commands to be executed by virtual engine X, which can be associated with physical tile 0 (physical engine tile 1822A). Physical tile 0 can then execute virtual engine X commands 1812A as workload 1814A. LRCA 1802B can reference the portion of the batch buffer 1810 that contains commands to be executed by virtual engine Y, which can be associated with physical tile one (physical engine tile 1822B). Physical tile one can then execute virtual engine Y commands 1812B as workload 1814B. LRCA 1802C can reference the portion of the batch buffer 1810 that contains commands to be executed by virtual engine Z, which can be associated with physical tile two (physical engine tile 1822C). Physical tile two can then execute virtual engine Z commands 1812A as workload 1814C.

In one embodiment WPARID 1801 is a whitelisted parameter that the user mode driver can modify to allow dynamic load balancing. Modifications to the WPARID can be performed during execution of workloads. Modification is performed atomically to prevent different simultaneously executing engines from claiming ownership of the same WPARID. In one embodiment, the WPARID is saved and restored as part of the hardware context save and restore.

Dynamically acquiring the WPARID ID in the LRCA allows a context to be migrated to any physical tile transparently. During execution, the same subset of commands intended for a given WPARID will be executed without regard to the physical tile on which the workload is executed. In one embodiment, multiple LRCAs can be submitted to the same engine, serializing execution of the commands. For example, if virtual engine X commands 1812A and virtual engine Y commands 1812B are both submitted to physical engine tile 1822B, both sets of commands will be executed in a serialized manner.

In one embodiment, the execution of virtual engine commands is handled using predicated execution logic within the physical engine tiles 1822A-1822C. Instructions and/or commands for an engine can be conditionally executed if the portion of the batch buffer provided to the hardware matches the WPARID provided by the LRCA associated with the physical tile and/or set of virtual engines. In one embodiment, where conditional execution is enabled, separate batch buffer start locations may not be required, as the tiles will automatically bypass execution of commands that do not match the WPARID provided by the LRCA. In one embodiment, when dynamic load balancing is performed by migrating WPARIDs between tiles, a tile can re-scan the batch buffer for commands to execute and reset the conditional execution unit within the tile to execute commands for the new WPARID. If a WPARID is removed, a tile may halt execution of commands associated with the removed WPARID.

FIG. 19 shows a flow diagram of a method 1900 of multi-tile workload scheduling, according to an embodiment. Method 1900 can be performed by an application or driver of a host processing system that includes a multi-tile, multi-core, or multi-GPU graphics processing system as described herein. Where reference is made to a tile of graphics processing engines, similar techniques can be applied to a multi-GPU or multi-core GPU where the multiple GPUs or multiple GPU cores are or include a multi-tile graphics processor architecture as described herein. For example, a multi-tile GPU can be configured to be presented to a host processing system as a single graphics processor or one or more graphics processor devices depending on the configuration of the system-graphics interface.

As shown at block 1902, in one embodiment method 1900 includes to perform operations to generate a set of commands of a workload to be executed by a graphics processor having multiple tiles of graphics processing engines. At block 1904 the operations partition the set of commands into a first partition and a second partition. At block 1906, the operations can assign a first partition identifier to the first partition and assign a second partition identifier to the second partition. At block 1908, the operations additionally associate the first partition identifier with a first hardware context associated with a first graphics processing engine tile of the multiple tiles of graphics processing engines and associate the second partition identifier to a second hardware context associated with a second graphics processing engine tile of the multiple tiles of graphics processing engines. At block 1910, the operations submit the first partition and the second partition to each of the first graphics processing engine tile and the second graphics processing engine tile. At block 1912, the operations additionally execute the first partition via the first graphics processing engine tile and execute the second partition via the second graphics processing engine tile.

Partitioning of the set of commands can be performed as shown in FIG. 17 and FIG. 18 . The commands of each partition can be loaded into a batch buffer and the same batch buffer can be submitted to each tile of graphics processing engines. The hardware contexts for the respective tiles can configure a batch buffer start location that corresponds with the start of the commands to be processed by the tile. In one embodiment, a partition identifier can also be associated with a partition of commands Tiles can then be configured to conditionally execute commands in the batch buffer for an associated partition, while bypassing commands of other partitions.

FIG. 20 shows a flow diagram of a method 2000 of executing a multi-tile workload, according to an embodiment. Method 2000 can be executed by a multi-tile, multi-core, or multi-GPU graphics processing system as described herein. Where reference is made to a tile of graphics processing engines, similar techniques can be applied to a multi-GPU or multi-core GPU where the multiple GPUs or multiple GPU cores include a multi-tile graphics processor architecture as described above.

Method 2000, as shown at block 2002, includes for a graphics processor to receive a set of commands. The set of commands represent a workload having a first partition and a second partition, and where the graphics processor includes multiple tiles of graphics processing engines. At block 2004, the graphics processor can associate the first tile of graphics processing engines with the first hardware context and associate the second tile of graphics processing engines with the second hardware context. At block 2006, the graphics processor can then read, by the first tile of graphics processing engines, a first partition identifier from a first hardware context and read, by the second tile of graphics processing engines, a second partition identifier from the second hardware context. The first partition identifier is associated with the first partition, while the second partition identifier associated with the second partition. At block 2008, the graphics processor can configure the first tile of graphics processing engines and the second tile of graphics processing engines to conditionally execute commands having a partition identifier associated with the respective tile. At block 2010, the graphics processor can then execute commands of the first partition at the first tile of graphics processing engines while bypassing commands of the second partition and execute commands of the second partition at the second tile of graphics processing engines while bypassing commands of the first partition.

FIG. 21 shows a flow diagram of a method 2100 of migrating workloads between tiles, according to an embodiment. Method 2100 can be executed by a multi-tile, multi-core, or multi-GPU graphics processing system as described herein. Where reference is made to a tile of graphics processing engines, similar techniques can be applied to a multi-GPU or multi-core GPU where the multiple GPUs or multiple GPU cores include a multi-tile graphics processor architecture as described above.

Method 2100, as shown at block 2102, includes for a graphics processor to receive a set of commands. The set of commands represents a workload having a first partition and a second partition. At block 2104, the graphics processor can configure a first tile of graphics processing engines to execute the first partition. At block 2106, the graphics processor can configure a second tile of graphics processing engines to execute the second partition. At block 2108, before completion of execution of the first partition, the graphics processor can receive a trigger to migrate execution of the first partition from the first tile of graphics processing engines to a third tile of graphics processing engines. The graphics processor can then migrate the first partition to the third tile and, as shown at block 2110, execute at least a portion of the first partition via the third tile of graphics processing engines. The trigger to migrate execution of the first partition to the third tile, in one embodiment, includes an atomic update of the workload partition identifier (WPARID) on the first and third partition to move the identifier of the first partition from the first tile to the third tile. The third tile can then conditionally execute batch buffer commands that are associated with the WPARID of the first partition, while the first tile will no longer execute batch buffer commands that are associated with the WPARID of the first partition.

FIG. 22 is a block diagram of a computing device 2200 including a graphics processor 2204, according to an embodiment. The computing device 2200 can be a computing device as described herein, such as the data processing system 100 as in of FIG. 1 . The computing device 2200 may also be or be included within a communication device such as a set-top box (e.g., Internet-based cable television set-top boxes, etc.), global positioning system (GPS)-based devices, etc. The computing device 2200 may also be or be included within mobile computing devices such as cellular phones, smartphones, personal digital assistants (PDAs), tablet computers, laptop computers, e-readers, smart televisions, television platforms, wearable devices (e.g., glasses, watches, bracelets, smartcards, jewelry, clothing items, etc.), media players, etc. For example, in one embodiment, the computing device 2200 includes a mobile computing device employing an integrated circuit (“IC”), such as system on a chip (“SoC” or “SOC”), integrating various hardware and/or software components of computing device 2200 on a single chip.

The computing device 2200 includes a graphics processor 2204. The graphics processor 2204 represents any graphics processor described herein. The graphics processor includes one or more graphics engine(s), graphics processor cores, and other graphics execution resources as described herein. Such graphics execution resources can be presented in the forms including but not limited to execution units, shader engines, fragment processors, vertex processors, streaming multiprocessors, graphics processor clusters, or any collection of computing resources suitable for the processing of graphics and image resources.

In one embodiment the graphics processor 2204 includes a cache 2214, which can be a single cache or divided into multiple segments of cache memory, including but not limited to any number of L1, L2, L3, or L4 caches, render caches, depth caches, sampler caches, and/or shader unit caches. The graphics processor 2204 also includes multiple GPGPU tiles 2240, which each include multiple graphics processor engines and execution units, for example, as shown in FIG. 16C. The GPGPU tiles 2240 can be similar or identical in architecture. Each GPGPU tile can include a virtualized set of graphics processor engines. The virtualized engines enable a command stream to be constructed that is agnostic to the physical GPGPU tile that executes the commands Additionally, commands can be dynamically migrated between virtual engines within or across physical tiles. In various embodiments, the GPGPU engine tiles 2240 can include a barrier/sync unit 2242 and a conditional execution unit 2244. The barrier/sync unit 2242 can be used to synchronize the GPGPU engine tiles 2240 upon completion of a workload partition. The conditional execution unit 2244 can be used to enable conditional and/or predicated execution of batch buffer commands based on a match between the workload partition identifier associated with the commands and the workload partition identifier associated with the GPGPU engine tile.

As illustrated, in one embodiment, and in addition to the graphics processor 2204, the computing device 2200 may further include any number and type of hardware components and/or software components, including, but not limited to an application processor 2206, memory 2208, and input/output (I/O) sources 2210. The application processor 2206 can interact with a hardware graphics pipeline, as illustrated with reference to FIG. 3 , to share graphics pipeline functionality. Processed data is stored in a buffer in the hardware graphics pipeline and state information is stored in memory 2208. The resulting data can be transferred to a display controller for output via a display device, such as the display device 320 of FIG. 3 . The display device may be of various types, such as Cathode Ray Tube (CRT), Thin Film Transistor (TFT), Liquid Crystal Display (LCD), Organic Light Emitting Diode (OLED) array, etc., and may be configured to display information to a user via a graphical user interface.

The application processor 2206 can include one or processors, such as processor(s) 102 of FIG. 1 and may be the central processing unit (CPU) that is used at least in part to execute an operating system (OS) 2202 for the computing device 2200. The OS 2202 can serve as an interface between hardware and/or physical resources of the computer device 2200 and one or more users. The OS 2202 can include graphics driver logic 2222, such as a user mode driver (UMD 2223) and kernel mode driver (KMD 2224), which can be variants of the user mode graphics driver 1026 and/or kernel mode graphics driver 1029 of FIG. 10 . The UMD 2223 can interface with applications that execute on the computing device and enable those applications to submit workloads that span multiple GPGPU engine tiles 2224 of the graphics processor 2204.

It is contemplated that in some embodiments the graphics processor 2204 may exist as part of the application processor 2206 (such as part of a physical CPU package) in which case, at least a portion of the memory 2208 may be shared by the application processor 2206 and graphics processor 2204, although at least a portion of the memory 2208 may be exclusive to the graphics processor 2204, or the graphics processor 2204 may have a separate store of memory. The memory 2208 may comprise a pre-allocated region of a buffer (e.g., framebuffer); however, it should be understood by one of ordinary skill in the art that the embodiments are not so limited, and that any memory accessible to the lower graphics pipeline may be used. The memory 2208 may include various forms of random-access memory (RAM) (e.g., SDRAM, SRAM, etc.) comprising an application that makes use of the graphics processor 2204 to render a desktop or 3D graphics scene. A memory controller can be used to access data in the memory 2208 and forward the data to the graphics processor 2204 for graphics pipeline processing. The memory 2208 may be made available to other components within the computing device 2200. For example, any data (e.g., input graphics data) received from various I/O sources 2210 of the computing device 2200 can be temporarily queued into memory 2208 prior to their being operated upon by one or more processor(s) (e.g., application processor 2206) in the implementation of a software program or application. Similarly, data that a software program determines should be sent from the computing device 2200 to an outside entity through one of the computing system interfaces, or stored into an internal storage element, is often temporarily queued in memory 2208 prior to its being transmitted or stored.

The I/O sources can include devices such as touchscreens, touch panels, touch pads, virtual or regular keyboards, virtual or regular mice, ports, connectors, network devices, or the like. Additionally, the I/O sources 2210 may include one or more I/O devices that are implemented for transferring data to and/or from the computing device 2200 (e.g., a networking adapter); or, for a large-scale non-volatile storage within the computing device 2200 (e.g., hard disk drive). User input devices, including alphanumeric and other keys, may be used to communicate information and command selections to graphics processor 2204. Another type of user input device is cursor control, such as a mouse, a trackball, a touchscreen, a touchpad, or cursor direction keys to communicate direction information and command selections to GPU and to control cursor movement on the display device. Camera and microphone arrays of the computer device 2200 may be employed to observe gestures, record audio and video and to receive and transmit visual and audio commands.

I/O sources 2210 configured as network interfaces can provide access to a network, such as a LAN, a wide area network (WAN), a metropolitan area network (MAN), a personal area network (PAN), Bluetooth, a cloud network, a cellular or mobile network (e.g., 3^(rd) Generation (3G), 4^(th) Generation (4G), etc.), an intranet, the Internet, etc. Network interface(s) may include, for example, a wireless network interface having one or more antenna(e). Network interface(s) may also include, for example, a wired network interface to communicate with remote devices via network cable, which may be, for example, an Ethernet cable, a coaxial cable, a fiber optic cable, a serial cable, or a parallel cable.

Network interface(s) may provide access to a LAN, for example, by conforming to IEEE 802.11 standards, and/or the wireless network interface may provide access to a personal area network, for example, by conforming to Bluetooth standards. Other wireless network interfaces and/or protocols, including previous and subsequent versions of the standards, may also be supported. In addition to, or instead of, communication via the wireless LAN standards, network interface(s) may provide wireless communication using, for example, Time Division, Multiple Access (TDMA) protocols, Global Systems for Mobile Communications (GSM) protocols, Code Division, Multiple Access (CDMA) protocols, and/or any other type of wireless communications protocols.

It is to be appreciated that a lesser or more equipped system than the example described above may be preferred for certain implementations. Therefore, the configuration of the computing device 2200 may vary from implementation to implementation depending upon numerous factors, such as price constraints, performance requirements, technological improvements, or other circumstances. Examples include (without limitation) a mobile device, a personal digital assistant, a mobile computing device, a smartphone, a cellular telephone, a handset, a one-way pager, a two-way pager, a messaging device, a computer, a personal computer (PC), a desktop computer, a laptop computer, a notebook computer, a handheld computer, a tablet computer, a server, a server array or server farm, a web server, a network server, an Internet server, a work station, a mini-computer, a main frame computer, a supercomputer, a network appliance, a web appliance, a distributed computing system, multiprocessor systems, processor-based systems, consumer electronics, programmable consumer electronics, television, digital television, set top box, wireless access point, base station, subscriber station, mobile subscriber center, radio network controller, router, hub, gateway, bridge, switch, machine, or combinations thereof.

Embodiments may be implemented as any combination of: one or more microchips or integrated circuits interconnected using a parent-board, hardwired logic, software stored by a memory device and executed by a microprocessor, firmware, an application specific integrated circuit (ASIC), and/or a field programmable gate array (FPGA). The term “logic” may include, by way of example, software or hardware and/or combinations of software and hardware.

Embodiments may be provided, for example, as a computer program product which may include one or more machine-readable media having stored thereon machine-executable instructions that, when executed by one or more machines such as a computer, network of computers, or other electronic devices, may result in the one or more machines carrying out operations in accordance with embodiments described herein. A machine-readable medium may include, but is not limited to, floppy diskettes, optical disks, CD-ROMs (Compact Disc-Read Only Memories), and magneto-optical disks, ROMs, RAMs, EPROMs (Erasable Programmable Read Only Memories), EEPROMs (Electrically Erasable Programmable Read Only Memories), magnetic or optical cards, flash memory, or other type of media/machine-readable medium suitable for storing machine-executable instructions.

Moreover, embodiments may be downloaded as a computer program product, wherein the program may be transferred from a remote computer (e.g., a server) to a requesting computer (e.g., a client) by way of one or more data signals embodied in and/or modulated by a carrier wave or other propagation medium via a communication link (e.g., a modem and/or network connection).

The following clauses and/or examples pertain to specific embodiments or examples thereof. Specifics in the examples may be used anywhere in one or more embodiments. The various features of the different embodiments or examples may be variously combined with some features included and others excluded to suit a variety of different applications. Examples may include subject matter such as a method, means for performing acts of the method, at least one machine-readable medium including instructions that, when performed by a machine cause the machine to perform acts of the method, or of an apparatus or system according to embodiments and examples described herein. Various components can be a means for performing the operations or functions described.

One embodiment provides for a graphics processor comprising a first tile of graphics processing engines, a second tile of graphics processing engines, and an interface between a host system and the graphics processor. The interface can be configured to receive a set of commands for a workload having a first partition and a second partition, submit the set of commands to the first tile of graphics processing engines, and submit the set of commands the second tile of graphics processing engines. The first tile of graphics processing engines can read a first partition identifier from a first hardware context, where the first partition identifier is associated with the first partition. The first tile can then conditionally execute commands of the first partition while bypassing commands of the second partition. The second tile of graphics processing engines can read a second partition identifier from a second hardware context, where the second partition identifier is associated with the second partition. The second tile can then conditionally execute commands of the second partition while bypassing commands of the first partition.

One embodiment provides for a non-transitory machine-readable medium storing instructions which, when executed by one or more processors, cause the one or more processors to perform operations comprising generating a set of commands of a workload to be executed by a graphics processor having multiple tiles of graphics processing engines, partitioning the set of commands into a first partition and a second partition, associating a first partition identifier with a first render context, the first partition identifier to identify the first partition, associating a second partition identifier with a second render context, the second partition identifier to identify the second partition, submitting the first partition and the second partition to each of a first graphics processing engine tile and a second graphics processing engine tile of the multiple tiles of graphics processing engines, executing the first partition via the first graphics processing engine tile, and executing the second partition via the second graphics processing engine tile.

One embodiment provides for a data processing system comprising a graphics processor including a first tile of graphics processing engines and a second tile of graphics processing engines. The graphics processor can receive a set of commands for a workload having a first partition and a second partition, configure the first tile of graphics processing engines to execute the first partition, and configure the second tile of graphics processing engines to execute the second partition concurrently with execution of the first partition. In one embodiment, before completion of execution of the first partition, the graphics processor can receive a trigger to migrate execution of the first partition from the first tile of graphics processing engines to a third tile of graphics processing engines and execute at least a portion of the first partition via the third tile of graphics processing engines. Migrating execution of the first partition includes atomically re-assigning a partition identifier of the first partition from the first tile of graphics processing engines to the third tile of graphics processing engines. In one embodiment the first partition is migrated before beginning execution of the first partition.

One embodiment provides for a method comprising receiving a set of commands at a graphics processor, wherein the set of commands represents a workload having a first partition and a second partition, and wherein the graphics processor includes multiple tiles of graphics processing engines, reading, by a first tile of graphics processing engines, a first partition identifier from a first hardware context, the first partition identifier associated with the first partition, reading, by a second tile of graphics processing engines, a second partition identifier from a second hardware context, the second partition identifier associated with the second partition, configuring the first tile of graphics processing engines and the second tile of graphics processing engines to conditionally execute commands having a partition identifier associated with a respective tile, executing commands of the first partition at the first tile of graphics processing engines while bypassing commands of the second partition, and executing commands of the second partition at the second tile of graphics processing engines while bypassing commands of the first partition. In one embodiment the method additionally comprises associating the first tile of graphics processing engines with the first hardware context and associating the second tile of graphics processing engines with the second hardware context.

One embodiment provides a graphics processor comprising a first tile of graphics processing resources, a second tile of graphics processing resources, the second tile of graphics processing resources including circuitry to accelerate a matrix operation, and an interface between a host system and the graphics processor. The interface is configured to receive a set of commands for a workload having a first partition and a second partition, submit the set of commands to the first tile of graphics processing resources, and submit the set of commands to the second tile of graphics processing resources. The first tile of graphics processing resources can read a first partition identifier from a first hardware context, where the first partition identifier is associated with the first partition, and conditionally execute commands of the first partition while bypassing commands of the second partition. The second tile of graphics processing resources can read a second partition identifier from a second hardware context. The second partition identifier is associated with the second partition. The second tile of graphics processing resources can conditionally execute commands of the second partition while bypassing commands of the first partition. Conditionally executing the commands of the second partition includes executing a command associated with the matrix operation.

One embodiment provides a non-transitory machine-readable medium storing instructions which cause one or more processors to perform operations. The one or more processors include a graphics processor and the operations comprise receiving a set of commands for a workload having a first partition and a second partition, submitting the set of commands to a first tile of graphics processing resources of the graphics processor, and submitting the set of commands to a second tile of graphics processing resources of the graphics processor. The second tile of graphics processing resources includes circuitry to accelerate a matrix operation. The operations further comprise, at the first tile of graphics processing resources, reading a first partition identifier from a first hardware context, where the first partition identifier is associated with the first partition, and conditionally executing commands of the first partition while bypassing commands of the second partition. The operations further comprise, at the second tile of graphics processing resources, reading a second partition identifier from a second hardware context, where the second partition identifier is associated with the second partition, and conditionally executing commands of the second partition while bypassing commands of the first partition. Conditionally executing the commands of the second partition includes executing a command associated with the matrix operation.

One embodiment provides a data processing system comprising a host interconnect and a graphics processor coupled with the host interconnect, the graphics processor including a first tile of graphics processing resources and a second tile of graphics processing resources. The second tile of graphics processing resources include circuitry to accelerate a matrix operation. The graphics processor is configured to be presented to a host processor of the data processing system as a single device, and the graphics processor includes hardware circuitry configured to receive, via the host interconnect, a set of commands for a workload having a first partition and a second partition, submit the set of commands to a first tile of graphics processing resources of the graphics processor, submit the set of commands to a second tile of graphics processing resources of the graphics processor, at the first tile of graphics processing resources, read a first partition identifier from a first hardware context, the first partition identifier associated with the first partition, and conditionally execute commands of the first partition while bypassing commands of the second partition. The hardware circuitry can additionally, at the second tile of graphics processing resources, read a second partition identifier from a second hardware context, where the second partition identifier associated with the second partition, and conditionally execute commands of the second partition while bypassing commands of the first partition. To conditionally execute the commands of the second partition includes to execute a command associated with the matrix operation.

Those skilled in the art will appreciate from the foregoing description that the broad techniques of the embodiments can be implemented in a variety of forms. Therefore, while the embodiments have been described in connection with particular examples thereof, the true scope of the embodiments should not be so limited since other modifications will become apparent to the skilled practitioner upon a study of the drawings, specification, and following claims. 

What is claimed is:
 1. A non-transitory machine-readable medium storing instructions which cause one or more processors to perform operations comprising: generating a set of commands of a workload to be executed by a graphics processor having multiple tiles of graphics processing engines; partitioning the set of commands into a first partition and a second partition; associating a first partition identifier with a first render context, the first partition identifier to identify the first partition; associating a second partition identifier with a second render context, the second partition identifier to identify the second partition; and submitting the first partition and the second partition to each of a first graphics processing engine tile and a second graphics processing engine tile of the multiple tiles of graphics processing engines, the first partition to be executed via the first graphics processing engine tile and the second partition to be executed via the second graphics processing engine tile.
 2. The non-transitory machine-readable medium as in claim 1, the operations additionally comprising, before executing the first partition and the second partition: assigning the first partition identifier to the first partition; and assigning the second partition identifier to the second partition.
 3. The non-transitory machine-readable medium as in claim 1, the operations additionally comprising: initializing the first render context and defining execution state used to execute the first partition; and initializing the second render context and defining execution state used to execute the second partition.
 4. The non-transitory machine-readable medium as in claim 3, wherein submitting the first partition and the second partition to each of the first graphics processing engine tile and the second graphics processing engine tile includes submitting a memory buffer including commands of the first partition and the second partition.
 5. The non-transitory machine-readable medium as in claim 4, the operations additionally comprising, before executing the first partition and the second partition, assigning the first render context to the first graphics processing engine tile and assigning the second render context to the second graphics processing engine tile.
 6. The non-transitory machine-readable medium as in claim 5, wherein the first render context includes a first offset in the memory buffer to a start of the first partition and the second render context includes a second offset in the memory buffer to a start of the second partition.
 7. The non-transitory machine-readable medium as in claim 6, wherein the memory buffer includes a synchronization command at an end of first partition and the second partition.
 8. A data processing system comprising: one or more processors including a graphics processor, the graphics processor including a first tile of graphics processing engines and a second tile of graphics processing engines, wherein the one or more processors are configured to perform operations comprising: generating a set of commands of a workload to be executed by a graphics processor having multiple tiles of graphics processing engines; partitioning the set of commands into a first partition and a second partition; associating a first partition identifier with a first render context, the first partition identifier to identify the first partition; associating a second partition identifier with a second render context, the second partition identifier to identify the second partition; submitting the first partition and the second partition to each of a first graphics processing engine tile and a second graphics processing engine tile of the multiple tiles of graphics processing engines; executing the first partition via the first graphics processing engine tile; and executing the second partition via the second graphics processing engine tile.
 9. The data processing system as in claim 8, the operations additionally comprising, before executing the first partition and the second partition: assigning the first partition identifier to the first partition; and assigning the second partition identifier to the second partition.
 10. The data processing system as in claim 8, the operations additionally comprising: initializing the first render context and defining execution state used to execute the first partition; and initializing the second render context and defining execution state used to execute the second partition.
 11. The data processing system as in claim 10, wherein submitting the first partition and the second partition to each of the first graphics processing engine tile and the second graphics processing engine tile includes submitting a memory buffer including commands of the first partition and the second partition.
 12. The data processing system as in claim 11, the operations additionally comprising, before executing the first partition and the second partition, assigning the first render context to the first graphics processing engine tile and assigning the second render context to the second graphics processing engine tile.
 13. The data processing system as in claim 12, wherein the first render context includes a first offset in the memory buffer to a start of the first partition and the second render context includes a second offset in the memory buffer to a start of the second partition.
 14. The data processing system as in claim 13, wherein the memory buffer includes a synchronization command at an end of first partition and the second partition.
 15. A method comprising: generating a set of commands of a workload to be executed by a graphics processor having multiple tiles of graphics processing engines; partitioning the set of commands into a first partition and a second partition; associating a first partition identifier with a first render context, the first partition identifier to identify the first partition; associating a second partition identifier with a second render context, the second partition identifier to identify the second partition; submitting the first partition and the second partition to each of a first graphics processing engine tile and a second graphics processing engine tile of the multiple tiles of graphics processing engines; executing the first partition via the first graphics processing engine tile; and executing the second partition via the second graphics processing engine tile.
 16. The method as in claim 15, additionally comprising, before executing the first partition and the second partition: assigning the first partition identifier to the first partition; and assigning the second partition identifier to the second partition.
 17. The method as in claim 15, additionally comprising: initializing the first render context and defining execution state used to execute the first partition; and initializing the second render context and defining execution state used to execute the second partition.
 18. The method as in claim 17, wherein submitting the first partition and the second partition to each of the first graphics processing engine tile and the second graphics processing engine tile includes submitting a memory buffer including commands of the first partition and the second partition.
 19. The method as in claim 18, additionally comprising, before executing the first partition and the second partition, assigning the first render context to the first graphics processing engine tile, and assigning the second render context to the second graphics processing engine tile.
 20. The method as in claim 19, wherein the first render context includes a first offset in the memory buffer to a start of the first partition, the second render context includes a second offset in the memory buffer to a start of the second partition, and the memory buffer includes a synchronization command at an end of first partition and the second partition. 